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OUTLINES 


OF  THE 

HISTORY  OF 

CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY 


ALFRED  GUDEMAN 

UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


Third  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged 


Genera  degustamus ,  non  bibliothecas  excutimus.  —  Quintilian 


BOSTON,  U.S.A. 

GINN  &  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

1902 


Copyright,  1894 

By  ALFRED  GUDEMAN 


ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


Copyright,  1897 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


- K>« - 

% 

A  third  edition  of  these  Outlines  having  been  unex¬ 
pectedly  called  for  within  two  years,  the  author  did  not  deem 
it  expedient  to  enlarge  the  book  to  any  considerable  extent. 
It  may  serve  for  the  present,  as  it  seems  to  have  done  in  the 
past,  as  a  condensed  but  fairly  complete  survey  of  the 
History  of  Classical  Learning. 

The  little  book  has  been  thoroughly  revised,  the  bibliog¬ 
raphy  brought  up  to  date,  and  numerous  biographical  data, 
as  well  as  other  items  of  information,  have  been  added. 

A.  G. 

Philadelphia,  May  6,  1897. 


IOO  O  Q 

X  Cj  D  o 


% 


CONTENTS 


A.  General  Introduction. 

PAGE 


I.  ^iXoXoyos,  "YpaixfiariKos,  KpiriKos  ......  i 

II.  Philology  in  Modern  Times . 5 

III.  Methods  of  Treatment . 5 

B.  History  of  Classical  Philology. 

I.  Greek  Period. 

1.  Pre-Alexandrian  .  .  •  .  .  .  .  .  .6 

2.  Alexandrian  .........  9 


3.  The  Stoics  and  the  School  of  Pergamum  .  .  .  .21 

If.  Graeco-Roman  Period. 


1.  Post- Alexandrian  .........  23 

List  of  Greek  Scholia  .......  27 

Critical  Signs  .........  28 

Grammatical  Terms  (Greek  and  Latin)  .  .  .  *3° 

2.  Roman  Period  .........  33 

List  of  Latin  Scholia  ........  40 

III.  Middle  Ages. 

t.  Byzantian  Period  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  41 

2.  W.  Europe  .........  45 

List  of  Oldest  MSS.  ........  46 

IV.  Revival  of  Learning  in  Italy. 

(A)  Greek  Immigrants . 47 

(B)  Italian  Humanists  ........  48 

List  of  Editiones  Principes  .  .  .  .  .  .  5 1 


V.  France 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


VI.  The  Netherlands.  page 

1.  First  Period  .........  56 

2.  Second  Period  .........  56 

3.  Third  Period  .........  58 

4.  Fourth  Period . 60 

VII.  England . 61 

VIII.  Germany. 

(A)  Ante-Wolfian  Period  .......  64 

(E)  The  New  School  ........  68 

1.  Grammatico-critical  School  ......  68 

2.  Historico-antiquarian  School  .  .  .  .  -73 

•  •  .  .  ....  79 


C.  Index  of  Names 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF 
CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


La  philologie  c'est  la  geologie  dn  monde  intellectuel. 

Benoist. 

A.  General  Introduction. 

.  a.  OtAoXoyo?  —  its  original  meaning  and  semasio- 
logical  development. 

First  met  with  in  Plato  (e.g.  Theaet.,  p.  146^;  Laches, 
p.  188  ;  Rep.,  p.  582  ;  Leges,  p.  641  e).  Opp.  to  puo-o- 
Aoyos,  /3pa^vXoyo<i.  Equivalent  to  7roA.1lA.oyos,  (fnXoao<f)o<i . 
(fnXoXoyia  —  7raiSeta  (/ xovaiKr) ).  Cf.  Plato ,  Phaed.  6 1  a  ; 
Isoc.  de  Antid.  296  :  ArpaireXiav  koI  (fnXoXoytav  ov  puKpov 
rjyovvTaL  avp,/3aXecr6aL  p.epos,  7rpos  rrjv  rcop  Xoyoiv  ttu iSetav, 
etc. 

Alexandrian  Period :  Equivalent  to  cfuXop,aOri<;,  iroXvlarup 
(cf.  Pint.  Alex.,  c.  8).  In  this  sense  first  applied  to 
Eratosthenes ,  and  among  the  Romans  to  Ateins  Capito. 
Cf.  Sueton.  de  gram.,  p.  108  R.  “  Philologi  appellati- 
onem  assumpsisse  videtur  quia,  sicut  Eratosthenes  qui 
primus  hoc  cognomen  sibi  vindicavit,  multiplici  variaque 
doctrina  censebatur.” 

Roman  Period:  cf>LXoXoyeiv  —  learned  conversation.  Cf. 
Cic.  ad  fam.  XVI  21  ;  Pint.  Cato  Min.  6  ;  Ps.  Pint.  Vit. 
X  Orat.,  p.  844  I).  (f)LXoXoyot  opp.  to  ttoXltlkol  —  Pint. 
Lyc.  42.  Opp.  to  (fnXoao<f)o<;  —  Vita  Plotini,  p.  116: 
< fnXoXoyos  pikv  b  Aoyytvoj,  <fuX6cro<f>o<;  8e  /x^Suyotols.  Opp.  to 
airaiSevTos  —  Stob.  Floril.  428,  53.  Philologus=: vir  stu- 
diosus,  doctus —  Cic.  ad  Att.  XIII  12,  3;  Pint,  de  aud. 
poet.  30  d.  More  closely  allied  to  philologist  in  the 
modern  sense  in  Seneca ,  Ep.  108,  29,  quoted  below. 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


b.  Tpa/jL/AaTLrcus  (■ ypapL/iaTL/crj ,  sc.  re^vr})  —  its  original 
meaning  and  semasiological  development. 

Conversant  with  ypd/x/xara  (Plato,  Phil.  17  ;  Crat.,  p.  341  ; 
Arist.  Pol.  VIII  3;  Categ.  9).  ypap.p.ar  laTrjs  =  a 
teacher  of  ypdp.p.ara  (Plato,  Prot.  312  5  Legg.  VII  812). 

Alexandrian  Period :  Clem.  Alex.  Srpaj/x.  I,  p.  309  :  '  AttoX- 
\6$(opo<s  AvToSuipos  ?)  6  Ku/xatos  (Cf.  Susemihl  Alex.  Lit. 

ll,  p.  664)  7rpOJT05  TOV  KpLTLKOV  UdpyrjCTaTO  TOVVOp. a  KOL 

ypa/x/xartKos  TrpoapyopevOp.  'Tvlol  8e  YiparoaOevr]  top  Ku- 
pppalop  €75-61877  ouros  /3i/3Alul  8uo  ypap.p.aTLKa 

imy  papas.  olpopdaOr]  8e  ypap.p.aTLKOs,  a>?  vw  (3d  cent.) 
opopd^optep,  TrpwTOs  TlpaCcf)dpr)S  (c.  300  B.C.).  VpappaTLKrj 

acc.  to  Dionysius  Thrax :  ’E/x75-eqna  <05  co-rt  to  7rAeicrTov 
rd>v  7 rapa  TroLrjTais  re  Kal  crvyypa(f)ev<TL  Xeyopepuip.  Six 
subdivisions  : 

t/3r]S  Kara  Trpocnp&Lav 

7TOL7JTLKOVS  TpOTTOVS 

3.  rAojo-o-cov  Kat  IcTTopLUiv  TTpoyeLpos  a7ro8ocri9 

4.  ’ErvTXoAoyca?  evpecns 

5.  ’AvaAoyta?  iKXoytcrpos 

6.  Kphri?  TTOiripdroiv —  o  877  koAXl-  )  ,  ,  , 

/  ,  ,  ,  „  ,  >  = T-  po.Kpa,  cvreAr;?. 

o-ror  corn  7rapT(op  ep  ty]  Teyvp  \ 

AAr/.  Emp.  adv.  Gramm.  I  4  (according  to  Apollonios 
Dyscolos  ?)  Tpap.paTLKr}:  1.  re^viKov;  2.  laTopiKOP’, 
3.  iSiatTepov.  a.  i^yyr/TLKov  ;  A  KptTiKov  ;  C.  SiopOioTiKov. 

Roman  Period:  Sueton.  de  gramm.,  p.  103  Rf. :  “  Appel- 
latio  grammaticorum  Graeca  consuetudine  invaluit  sed 
initio  litter ati  vocabantur.  Cornelius  quoque  Nepos 
libello  quo  distinguit  litteratum  ab  erudito,  litteratos 
vulgo  quidem  appellari  ait  eos  qui  diligenter  aliquid  et 
acute  scienterque  possint  aut  dicere  aut  scribere,  cete- 
rum  proprie  sic  appellandos  poetarum  interpretes  qui  a 
Graecis  grammatici  nominentur.”  Cic.  de  orat.  I  42, 


1 .  ApdypaxJiS  ivTf 

2.  ’E^ryyTycrts  Kara 


=  reyyp 

puKpa, 

areAe- 

arepa. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


3 


187  :  gramma'tica  =  poetarum  pertractio,  historiarum 
cognitio,  verborum  interpretatio,  pronuntiancli  quidem 
sonus  ;  cp.  also  Orat.  1  22  ;  de  div.  In;  Quint.  I  2, 
14  :  si  de  loquendi  ratione  disserat  (sc.  grammaticus), 
si  quaestiones  explicet,  historias  exponat,  poemata 
enarret.  II  1,  4  grammatice  quam  in  Latinum  trans- 
ferentes  litteraturam  vocaverunt. 

K  ptTl/COS. 

Among  the  Greeks:  First  found  in  Ps.  Plat.  Axioch.  366  E: 

birorav  8e  els  rrjv  e7rraertai/  a<j>iKr)TaL  ttoAAoos  ttovovs  Siav- 
rXrj(jav ,  7rai8a.ya>yoi  Kal  ypa/x/xaTLcrral  koI  7rat,8or/ot/?at  rvpav- 
vovvres.  av^ofxevov  8e  Kp  1  r  1  k  o  l,  yeoo/xeVpai,  tclktlkol,  ttoXv 
7tX rjOos  Secnroriov.  Kp  it  l  ko<s  as  a  synonym  of  ypap.p.a- 
tlkos.  T papLpuxr lkt)  sometimes  made  subordinate  to 
KpiTiKTj.  Cf.  Schol.  ad  Dionys.  Thr .,  p.  673,  19  :  linyi- 

ypaTTTai  yap  to  7 rapov  crvyypapLp.a  Kara  p.eV  tlv as  irepl  ypap,- 
piaTLKrjs,  Kara  8e  erepous  7 rept  KpcTLKrjs  regyr]<i.  KpiTLKy'j  8* 
Aeyerat  f]  regvr]  Ik.  too  kuXXuttov  pdpovs.  Pekker ,  Anecd. 
Gr.,  p.  1140  :  to  7rp6repov  KpiTLKr)  eAeyeTO  (sc.  rj  ypap,p.a- 
TLKrj)  Kal  OL  TaVTTjV  pLeTLOVTCS  KpLTLKOL.  DlO  Chrys.  53  :  00 
p.6vov ' Api<JTapyo<s  Kal  KpaT-^s  kol  erepoc  nXeiovs  tcov  varepov 
ypap.p.aTLK(jJv  KXrjOGrwv,  irporepov  8e  KpiTixaij/.  Sext.  Emp. 
adv.  Gramm.,  §  248  :  TaopurKO?  yovv  o  K parrjTOs  aKOvo-Trjs 
w(T7rep  ol  dXXoi  KpiTLKOL ,  VTroTaaaroiv  rrj  KpiTLKyj  rrj v  ypap,p,a- 
TiKrjv ,  etc.  6 

Among  the  Romans:  Cic.  ad  fam.  IX  10,  1  (quoted  by  Suet., 
p.  m)  :  profert  alter,  opinor,  duobus  versiculis  expen- 
sum  Niciae  ;  alter  Aristarchus  hos  o/?eAi£ei.  Ego  tam- 
quam  criticus  antiquus  iudicaturus  sum,  utrum  sint  too 
TTOLrjTOV  an  7rapep/3e/3Xr]pievoL.  Idol'.  Ep.  II  I,  51  -  ut  cri- 
tici  dicunt.  Apparently  not  found  elsewhere  in  Latin 
(for  in  Quint.  II  1,  4  the  reading  is  doubtful),  gramma¬ 
ticus  being  the  word  commonly  used.  For  the  distinc¬ 
tion  between  the  various  termini,  see  the  locus  classicus 


4 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


in  Senec.  Ep.  108,  29  :  Cum  Ciceronis  librum  de  repu- 
blica  prendit  hinc  philologus  aliquis,  hinc  grammaticus , 
hinc  philosophiae  deditus  alius  alio  curam  suam  mittit. 
Philosophus  admiratur  contra  iustitiam  dici  tam  multa 
potuisse.  Cum  ad  hanc  eandem  lectionem  philologus 
accessit,  hoc  subnotat  :  duos  Romanos  reges  esse, 
quorum  alter  patrem  non  habet,  alter  patrem  :  nam  de 
Servii  matre  dubitatur.  And  pater  nullus,  Numae  nepos 
dicitur.  Praeterea  notat  eum,  quern  nos  dictatorem 
dicimus  et  in  historiis  ita  nominari  legimus,  apud  anti- 
quos  magistrum  populi  vocatum.  Hodieque  id  exstat 
in  auguralibus  libris  et  testimonium  est  quod  qui  ab 
illo  nominetur,  magister  equitum  est.  Aeque  notat 
Romulum  perisse  solis  defectione,  provocationem  ad 
populum  etiain  a  regibus  fuisse  ;  id  ita  in  pontificalibus 
libris  et  alii  putant  et  Fenestella.  Eosdem  libros  cum 
grammaticus  explicuit  primum  verba  expressa,  reapse 
dici  a  Cicerone  id  est  re  ipsa,  in  commentarium  refert 
nec  minus  sepse  id  est  se  ipse,  deinde  transit  ad  ea 
quae  consuetudo  saeculi  mutavit  tamquam  ait  Cicero  .  . 
‘ab  ipsa  calce  ..  revocati  ’  hanc  quam  nunc  in  circo 
cretam  vocamus,  calcem  antiqui  dicebant.  Deinde  En- 
nianos  colligit  versus  et  in  primis  illos  de  Africano 
scriptos  .  .  .  Felicem  deinde  se  putat  quod  invenerit 
unde  visum  sit  Vergilio  dicere,  ‘  quern  super  ingens 
porta  tonat  caeli  ’  —  Ennium,  hoc  ait,  Homero  subri- 
puisse,  Ennio  Vergilium,  esse  enim  apud  Ciceronem  in 
his  ipsis  de  republica  libris  hoc  epigramma  Enni. 

Cf.  /.  Classen,  De  grammaticae  Graecae  primordiis  ;  Bonn,  1829. 
Lobeck,  Phrynichus,  pp.  392  ff.  IC.  Lehrs,  I)e  vocabulis  (pL\6\oyos , 
7 pa/m/xaTiKos,  kpltlk6s  (Appendix  to  Herodiani  Scripta  Tria,  Berlin, 
1857).  Grdfenhan,  Gesch.  der  class.  Philologie,  T,  336  ff.  Ill,  4ff. 
Steinthal,  Gesch.  d.  Sprachwissenschaft  bei  den  Griech.  u.  Rom. 
IP2,  14  ff.  Susemihl,  Gesch.  der  Alexand.  Literat.  I,  327  (see 
below). 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


5 


II.  Philology  in  Modern  Times: 

Its  various  definitions,  subdivisions  and  its  scope. 

In  a  narrower  sense  —  Grammar,  Lexicology,  Textual 
Criticism,  Hermeneutics,  aesthetic  or  literary  criticism 
(‘  Higher  Criticism  ’). 

In  a  wider  sense,  it  includes  the  study  of  ancient  life 
in  all  its  various,  political,  social  and  intellectual  phases, 
as  handed  down  to  us  in  the  literary,  epigraphic  and 
monumental  documents  of  Greece  and  Rome. 

Fr.  Ast,  Grundriss  der  Philol.  1S0S  ;  G.  Bern  hardy,  Grundlinien 
z.  Encycl.  der  Philol.  1832  ;  Fr.  Haase,  Ersch.  u.  Gruber  Encycl. 
Ill  Sect.  23  pp.  374-422  ;  Fr.  Ritschl,  Opusc.  V  1  ff. ;  H.  Reichardt, 
Die  Gliederung  der  Philologie  1846;  C.  Hirzel,  Grundziige  zu 
einer  Gesch.  der  Philol.  18722,  pp.  41  ;  Aug.  Boeckh ,  Encyclop.  und 
Methodol.  1886. 

III.  Methods  of  Treatment. 

1.  The  Synchronistic  or  Annalistic  Method. 

a.  History  of  a  single  period.  E.g.  the  Alexandrian,  the 

Renaissance. 

b.  Philological  history  of  a  single  author.  E.g.  Homeric 

criticism  ;  Aristotle,  history  of  his  works  (Shute). 

c.  History  of  an  individual  scholar  and  his  influence 

(Biography  and  Bibliography).  E.g.  Monk ,  Life  of 
Bentley  ;  O.  Ribbeck ,  Ritschl,  ‘  Ein  Beitrag  zur 
Gesch.  der  class.  Philologie  D.  Ruhnken ,  Elogium 
Hemsterhusii  ;  Wyttenbach ,  Vita  Ruhnkenii  ;  Af. 
Pattis  on,  Casaubon. 

2.  The  Eidographic  Method. 

a.  e.g.  The  science  of  Greek  Grammar  (Bernhardy, 

Steinthal). 

b.  e.g.  The  history  of  Hermeneutics  and  Textual  Crit¬ 

icism  (Blass),  Epigraphy  (Larfeld,  Hiibner,  Momm¬ 
sen). 


6 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


3.  The  Ethnographic  or  Geographic  Method. 

a.  History  of  a  particular  school ,  e.g.  nt  Alexandria  or 

* 

in  Pergamum  (Parthey,  Wegener). 

b.  Philological  history  of  a  single  nation ,  e.g.  the  Germans 

(Bursian),  the  Dutch  (L.  Muller). 


B.  History  of  Classical  Philology. 

General  bibliography  :  /.  A.  Fabricius,  Bibliotheca  Graeca,  ed. 
ITarles  ;  12  vols.,  1838.  Id.,  Bibliotheca  Latina,  ed.  Ernesti ;  2  vols., 
1774.  E.  Hitbner ,  Bibliographic  der  classischen  Alterthumswis- 
senschaft ;  Berlin,  18892.  Ur  licks,  in  I.  Muller’s  Handbuch,  I  i2, 

pp.  1-145- 

I.  The  Greek  Period  (5  cenL-146  b.c.). 

Bibliography  :  Grafenhan ,  Gesch.  der  class.  Philologie,  4  vols.; 
Bonn,  1843-50.  Lersch ,  Sprachphilosophie  der  Alten,  1841.  Stein- 
thal,  Geschichte  der  Sprachwissenschaft  bei  den  Griechen  u. 
Romern,  2  vols.  ;  Berlin,  18912.  E.  Egger,  Essai  sur  l’Histoire  de 
la  Critique  chez  les  Grecs  ;  Paris,  18862,  pp.  570. 

1.  The  Pre-Alexandrian  Period,  5.  cenL-322  (f  Aris¬ 
totle). 

a.  The  alleged  recension  of  Homer  by  Peisistratus. 

Cf.  Wilamowitz,  Homer.  Untersuch.,  p.  235  ff.  Flack ,  Peisistratus 
u.  seine  literarische  Thcitigkeit  ;  Tubingen,  1885.  Also  Ritschl, 
Opusc.  I,  31-60.  123  ft.  160-67.  196  ff. 

b.  The  Sophists. 

Cf.  W.  O.  Friedel ,  De  sophistarum  studiis  Homericis,  Diss. 
Hallens.  I,  1873,  PP-  I27  ff-  Grafenhan,  I,  124-41.  L.  Spengel, 
Zwaycoyr]  rexvuv,  1828.  Westermann,  Griech.  Beredsamkeit,  1832. 
Blass,  Griech.  Beredsamkeit,  Vol.  I.  Cope,  Aristotle’s  Rhetoric, 
Vol.  I,  Introduction. 

a.  Gorgias  of  Leontini  (arrived  at  Athens  427  b.c.). 
Ilept  ovo/xar wv  crvvOtcrews — laoKwXa  rraptaa  o/jlolotI- 
Xevra.  Oral  instruction.  A  treatise  on  rhetoric 
falsely  attributed  to  him  by  Dionysius,  Diogenes 
Laertius  and  Quintilian.  Cf.  the  literature  cited 
above. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


7 


j3.  Protagoras  of  Abdera  (f  411  b.c.). 

II tpl  op0o€7r€L as — P.  the  first  to  distinguish  gram¬ 
matical  moods  and  genders.  Cp.  Aristoph.  Clouds, 
vv.  659  ff. 

Cf.  Classen,  1.  c.,  p.  28;  Lersch,  1.  c.,  pp.  18  ff.;  Spengel,  pp.  52  ff., 
and  the  citations  given  above. 

y.  Prodicus  of  Ceos  (older  contemporary  of  Socrates). 
Founder  of  synonymies. 

Cf.  Spengel,  1.  c.,  pp.  46  ff.  ;  Lersch,  pp.  1  5  ff.  ;  Wclcker ,  Rh.  Mus. 
I.  i~39>  563-643  (=A7.  Sc  hr.  II,  393-541)- 

c.  Literary  Criticism  in  Attic  Comedy. 

Cp.  Egger,  1.  c.,  pp.  37-89. 

d.  Plato  (427-347)  as  a  philologist. 

(1)  Grammar  ( ovop.a ,  prjpa). 

(2)  Etymology  (esp.  in  the  Craty Ins'). 

(3)  Exegesis  (Poem  of  Simonides  in  the  Protagoras ). 

(4)  Aesthetic  or  Literary  Criticism  (esp.  in  the  Re¬ 
public). 

Cf.  Steinthal  I-,  41-152  (on  the  Cratylus). 

e.  The  official  copy  of  the  three  dramatists. 

Cf.  O.  Korn,  I)e  publico  Aesch.,  Soph.,  Eurip.,  fabularum  ex- 
emplari  Lycurgo  auctore  confecto,  Bonn,  1863;  Wilamowitz, 
Hermes,  XIV,  1 5 1  ;  Eurip.  Heracl.  I,  130. 

/.  Aristotle  of  Stagira,  384-322. 

Dio  Chrysost.  LIII,  p.  353  (294  R.)  :  ’ApionroTeA/^s,  d</>’ 

ov  (f)a<JL  rrjv  KpLTLKrjv  t e  Kal  y pappar LKpv  dpyrjv  Xafieiv. 

(1)  Edition  of  Homer  (rj  dirb  tov  vdp0r)Ko<;  ;  cf.  Pint. 
Alex.  8  :  Strabo,  XIII  594;  Schol.  Iliad.  XXI  252 ; 
Schol.  Theocr.  I  34 — I\po/3XffiaTa  (?)). 

(2)  Grammar,  style,  rhetoric  (Poet.  c.  24  ff.  :  Rhet., 

bk.  III). 

(3)  Aesthetic  criticism  (Poetics,  Hepl  7rotr/ro)i/). 

(4)  At8a<TKaAt/at,  C.  I.  G.  I,  349  sqq.  ;  C.  I.  A.  II, 
971-77. 


8 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


Cf.  Ranke ,  Vita  Aristophanis  (in  Thiersch,  Plutus,  1830),  pp. 
83  ff. ;  Richter ,  Arist.  Wasps,  Introd.  ;  U.  Kohler ,  Mittheil.  d. 
Athen.  Instit.  Ill  (1878),  1 1 2  f.,  229  ff. 

(5)  [Peplos]  —  Cf.  A.  Wetidling,  De  peplo  A.,  Strassb. 
Diss.  1891. 

g.  The  Peripatetic  School. 

a.  Heracleides  Ponticus,  pupil  of  Plato  and  Aristotle. 

Cf.  Unger,  Rh.  Mus.  XXXVIII,  481  ff. ;  L.  Cohn,  Comment. 
Reiffersch.,  Breslau,  1884;  O.  Voss,  De  H.  P.  vita  et  scriptis, 
Rostock,  1897. 

(3.  Theophrastus  of  Eresos,  372-287/6. 

(1)  Ilept  ko) TuoSias  (Athen.  261  d ). 

(2)  Hepi  Ae£e<D<?  (Dionys.  Hal.  de  Lys.  c.  14). 

Cf.  H.  Usener,  De  Dionysii  Hal.  imitatione  reliquiae,  Bonn,  1889. 
Ra.be,  De  Th.  libris  Ilept  \e£ews,  Bonn,  1890. 


(3)  Ilept  [AtTpcov,  7 repi  (roXoLKiapiov,  probably  parts  of 
(2).  Cf.  the  catalogue  of  his  writings  given  by 
Diog.  Laert.  (from  Hermippos)  V  42-50. 
y.  Aristoxenus  o  p-ovcnKos,  of  Tarentum. 

Ylepl  Tpayuj8o7roiu)v  (esp.  Oil  Soph./  Trepl  t pay lktjs 
d pXV a  ea>s )  IcrropLKa  rrjs  p.ovcriKr) 9,  Trepl  /xeA.07roi'ias 
—  Biot. 

Cf.  IV.  L.  Mahne,  Diatribe  de  A.,  1793,  P-  220;  Pauly- IVissowa, 


R.  E.  1058  ff. 

8.  Dicaearchus ,  347-287. 

*Y  TT  O  0  e  (rets  tujv  Eupnn'Sov  kol  ^>okA.€ovs 
(hypothesis  to  Eur.  Medea  still  extant). 
Hcpt  povcriKoiv  dyioi'cov  (Schol.  Arist.  Ran. 
Vesp.  1290). 


*335  ; 


Cf.  F.  Osann,  Beitr.  zur  griech.  u.  rom.  Litteraturgesch.  II, 
1839,  pp.  1  ff. ;  Pauly,  R.  E.  II,  996  ff.  ;  M.  Ruhr,  Dicaearchi  quae 
supersunt  etc.,  1841  ;  Pabricius,  Bibl.  Or.  Ill,  486-491. 


//.  Praxiphanes  of  Rhodes  or  Mytilene,  floruit  c.  300. 

‘  ITpuiros  ypappaTLKo^  ’ ;  vid.  Clem.  Alex,  cited  above. 
Teacher  of  Aratus  and  Callimachus. 

W  orks  :  liepi  ttoltjtwv,  Trepl  iaTopias,  Trepl  7rotr;ptdrcov. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


9 


Cf.  L.  Preller ,  De  Praxiphane  (Ausgewahlte  Aufsatze,  Berlin, 
1864);  Susemihl ,  I,  144  ff. ;  Wilamowitz,  Hermes,  XII,  326 ff.;  Eur. 
Heracl.  I,  16  Anm.  25  ;  R.  Hirzel,  Hermes,  XIII,  46 ff. ;  R.  Scholl 
ibid.  pp.  446  f. 

i.  Antigonos  of  Carystos,  born  c.  295. 

(1)  Lives  of  contemporary  philosopher's . 

(2)  Lives  of  Greek  sculptors  and  painters. 

Cf.  Wilamowitz ,  Antigonos  von  Carystos  (Philol.  Unters.  IV, 
356)  ;  Susemihl ,  I,  468-75.  519-23.  II,  675. 

.  The  Alexandrian  Period,  322  (or  305)-i43  (|Aris- 
tarchus). 

Chief  work  :  F.  Susemihl.,  Gesch.  d.  griech.  Literat.  in  der 
Alexand.  Zeit,  2  vols.,  1892,  pp.  907.  771. 

General  characteristics  of  the  period.  The  great  Library  and 
Museum.  Cf.  Couat,  pp.  1-50;  Susemihl ,  I,  335  ff.;  Parthey , 
Das  Alexandrin.  Museum,  Berlin,  1838  ;  Ritschl,  Opusc.  I,  1-70. 
123-72.  197-237  ;  Bernhardy ,  Gesth.  d.  griech.  Literat.  I4,  509- 
43  II,  699  ff.  ;  Wilamcnvitz,  Eur.  Heracl.,  I,  121  ff. ;  Rvnan,  F., 
Melanges  d’histoire  dans  l’antiquite,  Paris,  1878  (Les  grammai- 
riens  grecs  pp.  389-410.  427-440). 

a.  Phil  etas  of  Cos,  339-289/5. 

ArciKTa  (v Atolktol  yAtocro-at,  TAcoo-a-ai).  The  first  at¬ 
tempt  at  a  Homeric  lexicon.  Cf.  Aristarchus,  11 pos 

<$>l\y]Tolv. 

On  Philetas  as  a  poet,  vide  Couat ,  La  Poesie  Alexandrine,  Paris, 
1882,  pp.  68  ff.  ;  Susemihl ,  I,  174  ff. 

b.  Zenodotus  of  Ephesus,  c.  325— c.  260. 

Pupil  of  Philetas.  First  librarian  of  Alexandria. 

(1)  Collection  of  the  works  of  the  epic  and  lyric  poets. 
Cf.  Schol.  Plautinum  ;  Ritschl,  Opusc.  1.  c. 

(2)  rAojccrat  ' OfxrjpLKUL  (Schol.  Od.  3,  444;  Schol. 
Apoll.  Rhod.  II  1005). 

(3)  6p6(o<rLs  for  eVScocri?)  'O/x/pou,  the  first  scien¬ 
tific  edition  of  the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey.  Published 
shortly  before  274  b.c. 


10 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


On  his  critical  method,  cf.  F.  A.  Wolf,  Proleg.  c.  43  ;  Sengebusch , 
I)iss.  Horn.  I,  21  ff. ;  Diintzer,  De  Zenodoti  studiis  Homericis, 
Gottingen,  1848  ;  Romer,  Ueber  die  Homerrecension  des  Zenodot 
(Miinchner  Acad.  I,  Cl.  XVII,  639-722  (1885) ;  Susemihl,  I,  327- 
35  ;  Pusch,  Quaest.  Zenod.  (Diss.  Hall.  XI,  119-216). 

c.  Alexander  Aetolus ,  floruit  c.  285  b.c. 

Collection  of  the  Greek  tragic  poets  in  the  Alexand. 
Library. 

Cf.  Ritschl ,  1.  c.,  pp.  2-4.  199  f.  On  his  poetry  :  Meineke ,  Anal. 
Alex.  pp.  215  ff.  ;  Susemihl,  I,  187-90  ;  Count,  pp.  105  ff. 

A.  Lycophron  of  Chaleis ,  c.  285  b.c. 

(1)  Collection  of  the  comic  poets  in  the  Alexand. 
Library. 

Cf.  Ritschl,  1.  c. 

(2)  lie  pi  k(d  pajo&cas  in  at  least  9  books.  The  oldest 
work  of  its  kind. 

Cf.  K.  Strecker,  l)e  Lycophrone  Euphronio  Eratosthene  comi- 
corum  interpretibus,  Greifswald,  1884  (with  collection  of  frag¬ 
ments)  ;  Susemihl,  I,  274.  426. 

e.  Callimachus  of  Cyrene ,  c.  310— c.  240. 

Second  librarian  of  Alexandria.  Meya  /3l/3\lov,  petya  kukov. 
Chief  wo  rk :  IT  l  volkcs  r  toy  iv  7T  dar]  7r  a  t.  8  e  1  a  SiaAa/x- 
if/dvTwv  Kal  ojj/  aw  ey  puuj/av,  120  books.  On  the 
classification  and  contents  of  this  catalogue  : 

Cf.  O.  Schneider,  Callimachea,  II,  297-322;  Wachsmuth,  Philol. 
XVI,  653  ff.  ;  Grafenhan,  II,  182  ff.;  Susemihl,  I,  337  f.  On  the 
Homeric  studies  of  C.,  cf.  F.  von  Ian,  De  C.  Homeri  interprete, 
Strassb.  Diss.  1893,  PP-  IIG- — Cn  C.  as  a  poet,  cf.  Count,  pp.  1 1 1  — 
284;  Susemihl,  I,  347-73. 

f.  Eratosthenes  of  Cyrene ,  c.  276-196. 

'O  </><AbAoyos,  the  first  to  assume  that  name.  Cf. 
Sueton.  p.  108  R.  Third  librarian  of  Alexandria. 
One  of  the  most  versatile  and  learned  scholars  of 
all  times.  (6  TreVra^Aos,  B r/ra,  cf.  Suidas  s.  V.  ’Epa- 
rocr^eVr/?.) 

(1)  r eojy  pu.(f)i  Ku,  3  books  The  first  scientific  treat¬ 
ment  of  the  subject. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


I  I 

Cf.  Berger ,  Gesch.  der  wissenschaftl.  Erdkunde  bei  den  Griech. 
Ill,  57-112,  Lpz.  1891. 

(2)  Ilepi  xpovoy pa<f)Lii)v. 

Cf.  Diels,  Rh.  Mus.  XXXI,  1  ff . ;  Niese,  Hermes,  XXIII,  92  ff. 

(3)  *  OXvpL7TLOVLKaL. 

Cf.  Bernhardy ,  Eratosthenica,  pp.  247  ff. 

(4)  n cpi  rrjs  ap^aias  kw piwS tas ,  in  at  least  12 
books.  “A  philological  masterpiece.” 

Cf.  Strecker,  1.  c.;  lVila?nowitz,  Hermes,  XXI,  597  f.  XXIV,  44  ; 
Bernhardy,  1.  c.,  pp.  203-37,  and  Siisemihl,  I,  409-28. 

g.  Aristophanes  of  Byzantium ,  c.  257-c.  180. 

Librarian,  successor  of  Eratosthenes  or  Apollonius 
Rhodius.  The  greatest  philologist  of  antiquity. 

(1)  Invention  (T)  of  accents,  punctuation  (acc.  to  Arca- 
dius,  p.  186  ff.). 

Cf.  Nauck,  pp.  12  ff.;  Wilamowitz ,  1.  c.,  pp.  127  f. ;  Susemihl ,  I, 
432.  901  ;  Usejier  ap.  eundem,  II,  672. 

(2)  K pLTiKa  err] p. eta.  On  the  symbols  themselves 
see  below. 

Cf.  Nauck,  pp.  15-18. 

(3)  Editions  with  critical  signs  to  — 

a.  Ho7iier  (AiopOuicTLs  tOpLrjpov ).  Cf.  Wolf,  Proleg. 

c.  44  ;  Nauck ,  1.  c.,  pp.  2 5-58.  Close  of  the  Odys¬ 
sey,  XXIII,  296.  On  his  method  of  criticism, 
see  Wilamowitz  below. 

/3.  Hesiod,  Theogony  (cf.  Schol.  Theog.  68). 
y.  Alcaeus,  Anacreon,  Pindar  and  perhaps  Simonides 
(Dionys.  de  comp.  verb.  26). 

S.  Euripides  (Schol.  Or.  714.  1287  ;  Hipp.  172). 

Cf.  Nauck,  p.  62  f. 

e.  Aristophaties  (Schol.  Av.  1342  ;  Thesm.  162.  917; 
Ran.  152  f. ;  Nub.  958). 

Cf.  Nauck,  pp.  18.  63-66. 

£.  Menander  (?).  Cf.  his  saying  :  “  J  M IvavSpe  <al 
1 3U ,  7 Torepos  ap ’  tyxom  Trorepov  a7repup.rjcraTO  /  ” 


I  2 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


(4)  'Y7to0€W?  to  Soph.  Eur.  Arist.  and  perhaps  Aesch. 
(probably  prefixed  to  his  editions).  Contents  :  Ar¬ 
gument  of  the  play,  its  sources,  didascalia,  aesthetic 
judgment.  The  following  extant  fragments  of  vi ro- 

are  probably  ultimately  based  upon  those  of 
Aristophanes  : 

Aeschylus :  Persae,  Sept.  adv.  Theb.,  Agam., 
Eumen.,  Prom. 

Sophocles:  Oed.  Col.,  Philoct.,  Ant.  Oed.  Rex 
(metrical)  [Aiax]. 

Euripides :  Hecuba,  Orest.,  Phoen .,  Medea,  Hyp- 
pol.,  Alcest.,  Androm.,  Troad.  \_Phesos~\,  Ion,  Iphig. 
Taur.,  Bacch.,  Heracleid.,  Helena,  Hercul.  Fur., 
Cyclops  (none  extant  to  Suppl.,  Iph.  Aul.,  Electra). 
Aristophanes :  Acharn.  I,  II  (metrical)  ;  Equit.  I, 

II,  III  (met.)  ;  Nub.  I,  II,  III,  IV  (met.),  V,  VI, 
VII  <VIII,  IX,  X>  ;  Vesp.  I,  II  (met.);  Pax,  I,  II, 

III,  IV  (met.);  Aves,  I,  II,  III,  IV  (met.):  Lysist. 
I,  II  (met.);  Ranae,  I,  II  (met.),  <111,  IV)  ;  Eccl. 
I,  II  (met);  Plut.  I,  II,  III,  IV,  [V],  VI  (met.). 

Cf.  F.  IV.  Schneidewin,  De  hypothesibus  tragoed.  Graec.  Aris- 
toph.  Byz.  vindicandis  (Abh.  der  Gott.  Gesell.  der  Wiss.,  Vol.  IV, 
1853-55);  Natick,  1.  c.,  pp.  255  ff . ;  Trendelenburg,  Grammat.  Graec. 
de  arte  trag.  iudiciorum  reliquiae,  Bonn,  1867. 

(5)  n  apdXXrjXcn  MevdvSpou  re  rat  acf>  wv  e  KXeif/cv. 

(6)  n£pi  7r p o a uj7t  10 v  (perhaps  the  ultimate  source  of 
Pollux,  IV  133-54). 

Cf.  Nauck ,  pp.  275  ff.  ;  Rohde,  De  I.  P.  .  .  fontibus,  Lpz.  1870. 

(7)  II up ot /Hu. 6  (p,erpi/<ut  and  dp.tr pod)  in  6  books. 

Cf.  Nauck,  pp.  235-42  ;  Leutsch,  Philol.  Ill,  566. 

(8)  lie  pi  dvaXoy las . 

ATauck,  pp.  264  ff. 

(9)  Ilepi  rr}<;  d^vv  p.lvrj<i  c r  kvt  aXrjs ,  a  treatise  on 
a  passage  in  Archilochus  (fragm.  89,  2). 

Nauck,  pp.  273  ff. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


13 


(10)  AeVeis — Ilept  rwv  v7ro7rTevop.evo)v  p.rj  elprjaOaL  rot? 
7raA.atot?,  Trepl  ovo/xacria?  TyAi/atdv,  irtpl  avyyevLKurv  ovo- 
p.dr  (j)V — ’AxriKat  Aetet?,  AaKurvLKal  yXiocraaL.  The 
first  scientific  work  on  lexicography.  About  100 
fragments  preserved. 

Cf.  Nauck,  1.  c.,  pp.  69-190;  Rh.  Mus.  VI,  322-51  ;  Fresenius ,  De 
\t£euv  Aristophanearum  et  Suetonianarum  excerptis  Byzantinis, 
Wiesbaden,  1875  >  A.  Cohn ,  Jahrb.  f.  Philol.  Suppl.  XII,  283-374. 

(11)  IIpos  7rtVttKa ?  KaAAip-a^on.  Of  this  supple¬ 
ment  to  the  great  catalogue  of  Callimachus,  the 
extant  distribution  of  the  Platonic  Dialogues  into 
trilogies  ( Diog .  Laert.  Ill  61  f.)  formed  probably 
a  part. 

(12)  Kavovts  or  lists  of  ‘best  authors.’  Cf.  Quint. 
X  1,  54  :  “Apollonius  in  ordinem  a  grammaticis 
datum  non  venit  quia  Aristarchus  atque  Aristo¬ 
phanes  neminem  sui  temporis  in  ordinem  redege- 
runt  ”  ;  vid.  also  X  1,  59  and  I  4,  3. 

For  extant  ancient  lists  cf.  Usener,  Dionysii  Halic.  librorum  de 
imitatione  reliquiae,  Bonn,  1889,  pp.  i3off.  On  the  probable 
character,  contents  and  origin  of  these  canones,  cf.  Ranke ,  Vita 
Aristoph.,  pp.  104  ff . ;  Steffen ,  De  canone  qui  dicitur  Aristophanis 
et  Aristarchi,  Lpz.  1876;  Brzoska ,  De  canone  decern  oratorum, 
Breslau,  1883  ;  P.  Hartmann ,  De  canone  decern  oratorum,  Got¬ 
tingen,  1891,  and  Susemihl ,  I,  445.  484  II,  674  f.  694-97. 

On  Aristophanes  in  general  cf.  A.  Nauck ,  Aristophanis  Byzantii 
Fragmenta,  Halle,  1848,  p.  338;  Susemihl ,  I,  428-48;  Wilamo- 
witZy  Eur.  Heracles,  I,  137-53;  Pauly-Wissowa,  R.  E.  994-1004. 

h.  Aristarchus  of  Satnothrace ,  217/5— 145/3. 

'O/xryptxos,  6  KpiriKos,  7rdvv  apL(TTO<;  ypa/x/xaTi/co?  (Schol. 
Horn.  B.  316)  6  a vr'ip  (Herodianus  in  Schol.  B.  153) 
pidiVT is  (Athen.  XIV  634).  Hor.  A.  P.  450  fiet  Aris¬ 
tarchus  Cic.  ad  Att.  I  14, 3  meis  orationibus,  quarum 
tu  Aristarchus  es.  ad  fam.  IX  10,  1.  800  m ro/xvry- 

p.aTa.  Difference  betw.  v7r0p.vrip.aTa  and  wyypdp.- 


14 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


fxara.  The  latter  more  highly  esteemed  than  the 
former.  Cf.  Didymus  (Schol.  B  in)  :  el  yap  ra 

avyypdp.p.aTa  tcov  inropvypdTOiv  7rpOTd.TTop.ev. 

(1)  Edition  of  Homer.  Two  editions.  Cf.  Lehrs,  p. 
23  ;  Ludwich,  I,  17  if.  Cp.  Schol.  K  397  :  Ammo- 
nius,  the  successor  of  Aristarchus,  the  author  of  a 
treatise  “Ilepi  tov  py  yeyovevai  rrXeiova s  (sc.  tu>v  Svo ) 
ckSo eras  Tys  ’ AptaTapyeLOV  Stop  #u)<xe  cos.” 

(2)  %vy  y  p  dp. p.aT a  —  Ilepi.  TAiaSos  Kal  ’OSvcrcreias 
(Schol.  I  349),  ITpos  4>tA^Tav  (Schol.  A  524,  Bin), 
IIpos  Ktop.a vov  (Schol.  A  97,  B  798*  H  no),  Upos  to 
Hevwi/os  7rapd8o£ov  (Schol  M  435  and  Susemihl,  II, 
149  f.),  Yiepl  tov  vavcrTaOpov  with  a  map  or  8idypapp.a 
(K  53,  M  258,  O  449,  A  l66^  8o7)- 

On  his  critical  method  cf.  Wolf  Proleg.,  pp.  226  ff. ;  Lehrs ,  De 
Aristarchi  studiis  Homericis,  Konigsberg,  18823  ( 1 8331)  ;  Senge- 
busch ,  Diss.  Horn.  I,  24  ff.;  Ludzvich,  Aristarch’s  Homerische  Text- 
kritik  nach  den  Fragmenten  des  Didymus,  2  vols.,  Lpz.  1885  ; 
Wilamowitz,  Homer.  Unters.,  pp.  383  ff.;  Eurip.  Heracles,  I,  154; 
Susemihl ,  I,  451-63  ;  Jebb,  Homer,  Boston,  1888,  pp.  92  ff. 

(3)  ' Yiropivy] /xara  ‘commentaries’  and  eKSdcrets 
‘  editions  ’  with  ‘  critical  signs  ’  to  — 

a.  Hesiod. 

Cf.  Flach,  Jahrb.  f.  Phil.  109  (1874),  pp.  815  ff.;  115  (1877), 
pp.  433  ff.  ;  Waeschke ,  De  Aristarchi  studiis  Plesiodiis  (Acta  Sem. 
Lips.  1874)  ;  Schomanu,  Opusc.  II,  510  ff.  Ill,  47  ff. 

/3.  Commentary  to  Archilochus  {Clem.  Strom.  I 
326  D). 

y.  Edition  of  Alcaeus  {Hefhaest.,  p.  136)  and  per¬ 
haps  of  Anacreon,  certainly  a  commentary  on  this 
poet  {Athen.  XV  671  f.,  e^yyovpevoC). 

S.  Pindar  (edition  and  commentary). 

Feine,  De  Aristarcho  Pindari  interprete  (Diss.  Ienen.  II,  253- 
327)  ;  Horn,  De  Aristarchi  studiis  Pindaricis,  Greifswald,  1883  ; 
Susemihl ,  I,  460  ft.;  Lehrs,  Pindarscholien,  Lpz.  1873. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


15 


e.  Commentary  to  Aeschylus,  at  all  events  to  the 
AvKovpyos  (Schol.  Theocr.lh.  18).  To  Ion,  at  least 
to  the  ’ 0/jL(f)d\r)  ( Athen .  XIV  634  e). 

£.  Commentaries  to  Sophocles. 

Cf.  AL  Schmidt ,  Didymi  fragmenta,  Lpz.  1854,  p.  262. 

77.  Commentary  to  Aristophanes. 

O.  Gerhard.  I)e  Aristarcho  Aristophanis  interprete,  Bonn,  1850; 
Schneider ,  De  Aristophanis  schol.  font.,  pp.  86  f. 

(4)  A.’s  contributions  to  grammar.  The  first  to  dis¬ 
tinguish  eight  parts  of  speech.  Cf.  Quint.  I  4,  20  ; 
Schomann ,  Redetheile,  p.  12  ;  Steinthal,  1.  c. 

Plato — 1.  ovofjia  and  2.  prjpa  ;  cf.  Classen,  1.  c., 

PP-  43-5  2 • 

Aristotle  (and  Theodectes)  —  1.  ovopa ,  2.  prjpa, 
3.  apOpov  ‘article,’  4.  o-wSecrgos  ‘conjunction,’  ibid., 
p.  55  if.  According  to  Dionysius ,  De  comp.  verb. 
2  (  —  Quint.  I  4),  the  article  was  not  as  yet  recog¬ 
nized  by  these  as  a  separate  part  of  speech,  but 
see  Classen,  p.  59  f. 

Stoics  (Chrysippus)  —  1.  ovoga,  2.  irpoarjyopLa 
‘  appellatio,’  ‘proper  names,’  3.  prjga,  4.  o-wdeapos, 

5.  apOpov  ‘article  and  pronoun,’  6.  /xecroV^s  (irav&e- 
ktyjs)  ‘  adverb  ’  added  by  Antipater. 

Aristarchus — 1.  ovop. a,  2.  prjp a,  3.  dvrcowpia  ‘pro¬ 
noun,’  4.  €7rtpp>7/xa  ‘adverb,’  5.  perogy  ‘participle,’ 

6.  apOpov,  7-  owSecr/xos,  8.  TrpoOecns  ‘preposition.’  1 

Cf.  Classen;  Lersch ;  Steinthal,  vol.  II;  Schomann,  11.  cc. ; 
R.  Schmidt ,  Stoicorum  grammatica,  Halle,  1839  ;  Th.  Rumpel, 
Casuslehre,  Halle,  1845,  pp.  1-70  ;  Ribbach,  De  A.  arte  gramma¬ 
tica,  Niirnberg,  1883. 

1  The  ancients,  accustomed  to  see  in  Homer  the  fountain  of  all  wisdom, 
supposed  these  eight  parts  of  speech  to  have  been  well  known  to  him, 
citing  in  proof  of  this  the  following  lines  : 

Iliad,  I  185:  avrbs  idv  rXicri^vde  to  txbv  7 tpas  6cpp  ei/  eldrjs. 

Iliad,  XXII  59:  irpos  8t  pe  rbv  dvarrjvov  ext  cppovtovr  eXt^aov. 


i6 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


(5)  Analogia  vs.  Anomalia  (Crates  and  the  Stoics). 

On  Aristarchus  in  general,  see  Pauly-  IVissowa,  R.  E.  862- 
874. 

Cf.  Lersch  ;  Steinthal ,  I,  357-74  II,  71-159. 
i,  Hermippos  6  KaAA of  Smyrna. 

Btoi  7 re  pi  t  d»  y  e  v  tt  at  8  e  ta  Aa  puf/avr  w  v. 

Of  this  voluminous  work  :  7repi  ran/  vop.oOer a>v,  [7repi. 
SouAoov,  ?  ]  Trepl  ran/  otto.  cro<f)u)v,  Trepl  HvOayopov,  Trepl 
’Apio-roreAous,  7repi  Topytov,  7repi  TcroKpdrov?,  7repi 
’IcroK-parous  puiOrjT an/,  -rrepl  ev8o£ coy  avSpcov  tarpon/,  7repi 
p,dy an/,  Trepl  rd>v  arro  <£>tAocro<£ta< ;  ets  rvpavvt8a?  Kat 
Swao-reias  pbeOearyKOTOiv  —  generally  cited  as  sepa¬ 
rate  books,  formed  only  so  many  subdivisions.  One 
of  the  chief  sources  of  Diogenes  Laertius ,  and  of 
Plutarch's  Lycurgus,  Solon,  Demosthenes-,  and 
indirectly,  through  the  medium  of  Caecilius,  of 
Pseudo-Plutarch,  Vitae  X  oratorum.  Cf.  Susemihl, 
I,  492-95- 

k.  Apollodorus  of  Athens  (pupil  of  Aristarchus),  flor.  c. 

150.  “  ’ATroAAoScopo)  Trepl  Tracrav  tcrroptav  avSpl  8etva>  ” 

(Ps.  HeracL  Alleg.  Homer.  7). 

(1)  XpovLKa  in  comic  trimeters,  from  the  fall  of 
Troy,  (1184)— 144  b.c.  2d.  edition,  to  about  119 
(death  of  Boethos  the  Academic  mentioned).  The 
inexhaustible  storehouse  of  chronological  informa¬ 
tion  throughout  antiquity.  Calculation  of  the  <1*7x77. 

Cf.  Diels ,  Rh.  Mus.  XXXI  (1876),  1-54  ;  also  6.  F.  Unger, 
Philol.,  XL  (1882),  602-51. 

(2)  Ilepi  roD  vea>v  KaraAoyov,  12  books.  An  ex¬ 
haustive  commentary  to  the  Homeric  Catalogue  of 
the  Ships. 

Cf.  Niese,  Apollodor’s  Commentar  zum  Schiffscataloge  als 
Quelle  Strabo’s,  Rhein.  Mus.  XXXII  (1877),  267-307. 

(3)  n tpi  Sw^povo?,  4  books. 

(4)  On  Epicharmus ,  10  books. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


17 


(5)  ne  pi  tu)v  AOr/vrjcr  tv  kratp  a>y. 

(6)  Ilepi  irv/io Aoyiajj/. 

(7)  Ilepi  0 eo)v,  24  books.  A  work  of  stupendous 
erudition,  freely  and  extensively  pirated  by  later 
writers. 

Cf.  Muenzel ,  De  Apollodori  irepl  deQv  libris,  Bonn,  1883.  On 
A.  in  general,  cf.  Susemihl ,  II,  33-44;  Pauly-  Wissowa,  2855-86. 

/.  The  first  Manual  of  Mythology,  written  between  100— 
50  b.c.,  the  source  of  Diodorus ,  Hyginus ,  Pseudo- Apol¬ 
lodori  Bibliotheca,  Proclus. 

Cf.  Bethe,  Quaestiones  Diodoreae  mythographae,  Gottingen, 
1887,  and  Hermes ,  XXVI  (1891),  593-634  ;  Susemihl ,  II,  45-52. 

m.  Ammonius ,  pupil  and  successor  of  Aristarchus. 

(1)  Ilepi  rov  fir)  yeyoveVai  7rXeiovas  (sc.  tu>v  Suo)  exSocrei? 
Trjs  * ApL<TTapg£Lov  Siop^uJCTea)?.  See  above  under 
Aristarchus. 

(2)  Ilepi  ru)u  vi to  nAdra>vos  fierevrjveypeviov  ' Ofirjpov . 

(3)  IIpos  ’A OrjvoKXea  (rvyypafifia. 

(4)  Commentary  to  Pindar . 

(5)  K(jop.a)8onp.evoi. 

(6)  Ilepi  rcuy  ’A Or)vrj(Tiv  eraipiSoov. 

(7)  Ilepi  7rpocra)Sias  or  Ilepi  ’Atti/c^s  7rpoo'a)Sias. 

Cf.  Blau,  De  Aristarchi  discipulis,  Jena,  1883  ;  ^4.  Roemer ,  Die 
Werke  der  Aristarcheer  im  Cod.  Ven.  A,  Miinch.  Acad.  II,  241  ff. 
(1875);  Roche ,  Horn.  Textkritik,  pp.  68-78;  Susemihl ,  II, 

Dionysius  Thrax  of  Alexandria ,  born  c.  166  b.c. 

(1)  Te'xv>7  y pa fi fiar l Krj ,  the  first  attempt  of  its  kind 
and  the  standard  work  on  the  subject  for  more 
than  1500  years. 

Cf.  Uhlig's  edition,  with  exhaustive  Prolegomena,  I.pz.  1883. 
For  a  list  of  grammatical  terms ,  see  below. 

Of  the  numerous  commentators  of  the  rlgyr), 
Choeroboscus  (6.  cent.),  Stephanos  (7.  cent.),  Helio- 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


1 8 


dor  us,  Melampus ,  Moschopulos  are  the  most  note¬ 
worthy. 

Cf.  Hoerschelmann,  De  Dionysii  Thracis  interpretibus  veteribus 
I,  Lpz.  1874,  and  especially  Hilgard,  Heidelberg  Gymn.  Progr. 
Lpz.  1880. 

(2)  Commentaries  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  (28  frag.). 
Following  Aristarchus,  D.  regarded  Homer  as  an 

Athenian. 

(3)  Commentaries  to  Hesiod's  Works  and  Days. 

(4)  II pos  KpctT^Ta. 

(5)  n«  pi  7T  OCT  OT  TjT  0)V  . 

(6)  A  work  on  Rhetoric. 

(7  )  M  e  A  e  t  a  t . 

Cf.  Mor.  Schmidt ,  Philol.  VII,  360-82  VIII,  234-53.  510-20  ; 
Susemihl,  II,  168-75.  687  f. 

0.  Didymus  Chalcenteros  of  Alexandria,  c.  65  b.c.- 
c.  10  A.D. 

Said  to  have  written  3500-4000  books.  Am??t. 
Marcell.  XXII  16,  16  XaAxevr epos  multiplicis  scien- 
tiae  copia  memorabilis.  Quint.  I  8,  19,  Didymo,  quo 
nemo  plura  scripsit,  accidisse  compertum  est,  ut  cum 
historiae  cuidam  tamquam  vanae  repugnaret,  ipsius 
proferretur  liber  qui  earn  continebat.  Athen.  IV  139  : 
KaXei  8e  tovtov  A^/xr^rpios  o  Tpoi^vio?  /?  1  /3XioXd0av 
Sia  to  7 rXr/Oos  cov  irSeSwKe  avyypap.p.aT(t)v  •  lari  yap 
Tpicr^iXia  7r pos  rot?  7revTcu<ocrLOL<;.  Macrob.  Sat.  V  18,9; 
grammaticorum  facile  eruditissimus.  22,  10  :  gram- 
maticorum  omnium  .  .  .  instructissimus.  Masterly 
discussion  and  estimate  of  D.’s  work  by  Wilamowitz, 
Eur.  Heracl.  I,  157-68. 

(I)  Lexicographical. 

(1)  6  o  pvTa  X  e£is. 

(2)  ’A Tropov p.ivrj  Xe£i<>,  7  books. 

(3)  Tp07TLK7]  Xl$L<S. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


19 


(4)  K  wfxtKrj  Xe$L<i.  )  The  chief  source  of  the  lexicograph¬ 


ical  erudition  of  the  ancients  pre¬ 
served  in  lexica,  scholia,  Athenaeus, 
Hesychius,  Photius,  etc. 


(5) 


(6)  Lexicon  to  Hippocrates  (?). 

(II)  Didymus  as  editor  of  texts  and  as  commentator. 


commentary  to  the  Homeric  poems.)  See  above. 

(2)  Commentary  to  Hesiod ;  cf.  Schmidt ,  pp.  299  f. 

(3)  C.  to  Pindar;  id.,  pp.  214—40. 

(4)  C.  to  the  Epinikia  of  Bacchy tides. 

(5)  C.  to  Aeschylus ,  Sophocles ,  Euripides  (in  part). 
The  extant  vitae  are  in  all  essential  details  Didy- 
mean.  Prejudicial  and  partial  criticism  of  Soph, 
to  the  disparagement  of  Euripides.  Cf.  A.  Roemer 
(cited  below). 

(6)  C.  to  Ion  and  perhaps  to  Achaeos ;  cf.  Schmidt , 
PP-  3OI~5- 

(7)  C.  to  Cratinus  and  Eupolis ;  Schmidt ,  pp.  307-9. 

(8)  C.  to  Aristophanes  ;  Schmidt ,  pp.  246—61  ;  Schnei¬ 
der,  De  fontibus  A.  schol.,  pp.  59-63.  [Aristo¬ 
phanes  of  Byz.  —  Didymus  —  Symmachus — extant 
scholia.] 

(9)  C.  to  Menander  and  to  Phrynichus  (Kronos)  ; 
Schmidt ,  pp.  306  ff. 

(10)  Editions  and  Commentaries  to  Antiphon,  Isaeus, 
Hypereides ,  Aeschines  and  Demosthenes  —  Schmidt, 
pp.  310—19  —  Isocrates  (?),  Deinarchus  (?). 

(11)  Edition  of  Thucydides.  The  extant  life  by  Mar- 
cellinus  (esp.  §  1—45)  was  almost  entirely  taken  from 
Didymus’  introduction.  Cf.  Susemihl ’,  II,  203  f., 
note  314. 

(12)  *P rjT o p ik a  V7r o fivrj /xar a,  in  at  least  10  books; 
Schmidt,  p.  321.  Exegetical  parerga  to  the  Attic 
orators. 


20 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


(13)  Ilepi  tov  ScKarevcraL  ;  Schmidt ,  pp.  3I7^* 

(III)  Grammatical  works: 

(1)  Ilept  7 raOuiv  (on  inflections);  Schmidt,  pp.  343  ff. 

(2)  Ilept  6  pOoy  pastas. 

(3)  II epl  rrjs  irapd  'Poi/xaiois  dvaXoytas.  Doubtful. 

(IV)  Historical,  antiquarian,  literary  treatises  : 

(1)  Her >7  l  (Trope a  ;  cf.  Schmidt,  pp.  356-63. 

2)  De  morte  Aeneae  ; 

(3)  De  p atria  Homer i ; 

(4)  On  Anacreon  and  Sappho ; 

Cf.  Seneca,  Ep.  88,  37  :  quatuor  milia  librorum 

Didymus  grammaticus  scripsit  ...  in  his  libris  de 
patria  Homeri  quaeritur,  in  his  de  Aeneae  morte 
(matre,  MSS.)  vera,  in  his  libidinosior  Anacreon  an 
ebriosior  vixerit,  in  his  an  Sappho  publica  fuerit. 

(5)  n£  pi  7r o lt)t tov  ;  Schmidt,  pp.  386—96. 

(6)  IT  pos  Moova  (?)  avrf(  rjyr/  a ees .  (A  long  extract 
on  the  musical  instruments  used  in  lyric  poetry 
preserved  by  Athen.  XIV  634  el)  Perhaps  a  part 

o£  (s)- 

(7)  n£pi  ru)v  a  £  o  v  o)  v  twv  HoAojvo?  avr  iy  pa(fir) 
7 rpbs  ' Act kXtjtt idbrjv  (. Pint .  Sol.  1). 

(8)  Against  Cicero’ s  de  Republica,  6  books.  Cf.  Amm. 
Marcell.  XXII  16,  16,  and  Suidas  s.  v.  TpdyKvWos. 

(9)  n.  pi  tt a pcnpuliv. 

(10)  On  the  city  of  K a bassos  and  on  Attic  demes 
(doubtful).  Perhaps  portions  of  his  commen¬ 
taries  to  the  Iliad  (13,  363)  or  to  the  comic  poets 
or  to  the  Attic  orators. 

Cf.  Mor.  Schmidt ,  Didymi  Chalcenteri  grammatici  Alexandrini 
fragmenta,  Lpz.  1854;  Ludwich,  1.  c. ;  Susemihl,  II,  195-210.  688  f. 

p.  Tryphon  of  Alexandria,  son  of  Ammonius. 

A  specialist  on  Greek  grammar.  A  confused  list 
of  his  numerous  works  is  given  by  Suidas,  the  titles 


1 

1 


cf.  Schmidt, 

pp.  384-6. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


2  I 

of  others  are  cited  by  Apollonius  Dyscolos,  Hero- 
dianus,  Athenaeus. 

(1)  Ilepi  7 rXeovacrpov,  irepl  p erpwv,  i repl  rpoircov ,  irepl 
ayy  panov. 

(2)  On  the  dialects  of  Greece,  on  the  dialect  of 
Homer  and  the  lyric  poets. 

(3)  Ilepi.  ’A 7rpo<Ta)Sia,5,  irepl  ovopacncvv,  irepl  opOo- 
ypac^ias  Kai  ru)v  ev  avTjj  £ rjTovpevwv  (  =  its  problems), 
irepl  'YiWrjVLcrpov  (on  idiomatic  speech),  irepl  apx aias 
avayvwo’eu)';  (on  style). 

(4)  Ilepi  irvevpa.T(j)V,  irepl  T?js  ev  povocrvXXa/3oL<;  dvaX .oylas, 
irepl  rrjs  ev  KXtaeaiv  (declensions)  dvaXoyta^,  irepl 
apOptov,  irepl  avTwvvpuiov  (pronouns),  irepl  irpoadiraiv 
(persons),  irepl  pero^i/s  (participle),  irepl  irpoOeaeaiv 
(prepositions),  irepl  avvSeapoJv,  irepl  eiripp^panDV  (ad¬ 
verbs),  irepl  prjpdroiv  eyieXiriKiov  (moods),  irepl  pyjpa- 
to)v  dvaAoyias  /3apvr6vo)v,  irepl  ovoparaiv  crvyKpLTiKUiv 
(comparison  of  adjectives),  irepl  iraOwv  Xe^ewv  (in¬ 
flections). 

(5)  ‘Hjtcov  laropla,  irepl  £coo)v. 

Cf.  A.  v.  Velsen ,  Tryphonis  grammatici  Alexandrini  fragmenta, 
Berlin,  1854;  Susemihl ,  II,  210-13.  689. 

q.  Theon  of  Alexandria ,  1.  cent.  a.d. 

“  The  Didymus  of  the  Alexandrian  poets.” 

(1)  Commentaries  to  Lycophron ,  Theocritus ,  Callim¬ 
achus'  kina,  Apollonius  Rhodius ,  Nicandros . 

(2)  Commentary  to  the  Odyssey  and  perhaps  to 
Pindar. 

(3)  A«'f  IS  KWpUKrj. 

(4)  Ae£i?  r pay l KYJ  (doubtful,  but  probable). 

Cf.  Giese,  De  Theone  grammatico  eiusque  reliquiis,  Munster, 
Diss.,  1867  ;  Wilamowitz ,  Eur.  Heracl.  I,  1 56  ;  Susemihl ,  II,  216  ff. 

The  Stoics  as  Philologians. 

Allegorical  exegesis  of  Homer.  Contributions  to  the 
Science  and  Terminology  of  Grammar. 


22 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


Cf.  Grafenhan,  1.  c.,  I,  440  ff.  505  ff.  II,  23.  Ill,  236  ;  R.  Schmidt, 
De  Stoicorum  grammatica,  Halle,  1839  ;  Steinthal ,  1.  c.  ;  Strieker , 
De  Stoicorum  studiis  rhetoricis,  Bresl.  Abh.  I  2  (1886). 

a.  Chrysippos  of  Soli,  c.  280-c.  206. 

Wrote  e.g.  7repi  rrjs  Kara  r as  Ae£eis  avw/xaXias  (the 
first  occurrence  of  the  term),  Aoyoi  7rapa  ra?  crvvr]- 

Oe Las,  Kara  rrjs  <TvvrjOeLa<;,  rrepl  rrjs  (TVvrjOeias,  Trepl  7 revre 
rrraxreoiv,  7 repl  o/xovota?  (A. then.  VI  267)  irep\  eviKcov 
Kal  Tr\r)OvvrLK(x)v  eKcfiOptov,  Trepl  rrjs  prjropiKrjs,  Trepl 
rcov  crroiyeu ov  rov  Xoyov  Kal  ra>v  A eyop.ev<x>v,  t rcos  Set 
roiv  TTOL7)p.aroiv  aKove iv  (source  of  Plutarch’s  treatise 
of  the  same  title). 

Cf.  Aronis,  'XpticrLTnros  7pag,/xart/c6s,  Diss.  Iena  1885.  For  a  full 
list  of  his  works,  see  Laert.  Diog.  VII  190  ft. 

b.  Crates  of  Mallos  (flor.  168  b.c.)  and  the  School  of 
Pergamum. 

A  follower  of  the  Stoics.  Passionate  opponent  of 
Aristarchus  and  his  school  ( Suidas  s.  v.  Rpicrrapyp^  : 
Kal  Kpcvriyri  ra>  ypap,p,aTi/<a)  TrXe'iara  SirjpuXXrjaaro'). 
Bibaculus  ap.  Sueton.  de  gramm.  no.  En  iecur  Cra- 
tetis.  Advocate  of  dvw  p.aXia  VS.  dvaXoy  la. 

Cf.  the  bibliography  under  Aristarchus  and  below. 

Introduced  philological  studies  into  Rome  ;  cf.  Sueton., 
1.  c.,  p.  100. 

(1)  Homer. 

a.  /XiopOuHTLs  (Aiop#am/<d),  critical  edition,  probably 
with  the  Life  of  Homer. 

b.  'Op,rjpLKa,  allegorical  commentary. 

C.  Ilept  ’iAiaSos  Kal  OSucrcretas  (u7rop,i/^p-ara  or  ervy- 
ypdp.p.ara  ?). 

Cf.  E.  Maass,  Aratea  pp.  167-203. 

(2)  Commentary  to  Hesiod, ,  Works  and  Days. 

(3)  C.  to  Euripides  (Schol.  Orest.  1226.  1686  ;  Phoen. 
208  Rhesus,  5.  528  f.). 

Cf.  Wilamowitz,  Anal.  Eurip.,  p.  1 57. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


23 


(4)  C.  to  Aristophanes  (Schol.  Equit.  631,  793,  693; 
Vesp.  352.  884  Ran.  294). 

Cf.  Consbruch ,  Zu  den  Tractaten  tt epi  Koo/xyd las  in  Comment,  in 
honor.  Studemundi,  Strassburg,  1889;  Susemihl ,  II,  11,  note  54. 

(5)  ITept  ’ At t  l  Krj ?  8ta Ae/crou,  in  at  least  5  books. 

Cf.  in  general,  Wegener,  De  aula  Attalica,  1836  (antiquated) ; 
Wachsmuth,  De  Cratete  Mallota,  Lpz.  i860,  with  fragments;  id., 
Philol.  XVI,  166;  Rhein.  Mus.  XLVI,  552-56;  Lilbbert ,  Rhein. 
Mus.  XI,  428-43;  Susemihl,  II,  ivf.  4-12.  703;  A.  Conze,  Berh 
Acad.  Sitzungsber.  1884,  pp.  1259  ff. 

c.  Demetrius  Magnes  (contemporary  of  Cicero). 

(1)  ITept  <TVVO)VV/JL(i)V  7roXc(i)V. 

(2)  Uepl  tu)v  crvvwvv/JiOiv  Troi7]TU)v  re  /cat  crvyypa- 
<f)twv.  Chapter  on  Deinarchus  preserved  by  Dionys. 
Halic.  de  Deinarch.  One  of  the  chief  sources  of 
Diogenes  Laertius. 

Cf.  Nietzsche,  Rhein.  Mus.  XXIII,  632-53  XXIV,  181-228  ; 
Scheurleer ,  De  D.  M.,  Leiden,  1858;  Maass,  Philol.  Unters.  Ill 
(1880),  23-47;  Susemihl,  I,  507  f. 

The  Graeco-Roman  Period. 

.  The  Post-Alexandrian  Period. 
a.  Diotiysius  of  Halicarnassus  (flor.  end  of  1.  cent.  b.c.). 

(1)  Epistula  ad  Ammaeum  I. 

(2)  De  compositione  verborum. 

(3)  De  oratoribus  antiquis  (Lysias,  Isocrates,  Isaeus, 
Demosth.),  De  Dinarcho. 

(4)  Epistula  ad  Pompeium. 

(5)  Ilept  fUfArjaeios  y'. 

(6)  De  Thucydide. 

(7)  Ad  Ammaeum  II. 

(8)  [Ars  rhetorica.] 

Cf.  Fr.  Blass,  De  I).  H.  scriptis  rhetoricis,  Bonn,  1863;  Rossler, 
De  D.  H.  scriptis  rhetor.,  Lpz.  1873  ;  Ll.  Usener,  D.  H.  de  imita- 
tione  reliquiae,  Bonn,  1889;  E.  Egger,  1.  c.,  pp.  396-406.  G. 
Ammon,  De  D.  H.  rhet.  fontibus,  Munich  Diss.  1889,  pp.  no. 


24 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


b.  Caccilius  Calactinus  (Friend  of  Dionysius), 

(i)  Ilept  tou  % apaKTrjpos  rcov  Sexa  prjTopuiv. 


Chief  source  of  Ps.  Plut.  Vitae  X  orat.  On  the 
canon  of  the  ten  orators,  see  under  Aristophanes, 

(2)  Comparison  between  Demosth.  and  Aesch., 
Demosth.  and  Cicero. 

(3)  Ilept  vi f/ovs  (cf.  Ps.  Longinus,  Ilept  vif/ovs  1). 

(4)  ’E/<Aoyr)  Xe^ecov  Kara  aroi'yeiov  ( KaXXipprjpLoavvy /). 

(5)  Te^yi]  prjTopLKy. 

(6)  Ilept  cr^/xarcoi/. 

On  Dionysius  and  Caecilius,  the  most  noteworthy  represen¬ 
tatives  of  literary  criticism  in  antiquity,  cf.  F.  Blass,  Gesch.  der 
griech.  Beredsamkeit  von  Alexander  bis  auf  Augustus,  Berlin, 
1865,  pp.  169-221.  R.  Weise,  Quaest.  Caecil.  Berlin  1888,  pp.  52. 

c.  iXcowoTLov  rj  Aoyytvov  Ilepi.  vtf/ovs  (composed  in  the 
1  cent.  a.d.).  Aesthetic  and  Literary  Criticism. 

Cf.  Buchenau,  De  scriptore  libri  Ilepi  v\Jjovs,  Marb.  1849;  Martens, 
De  libello  Ylepl  v\povs,  Bonn,  1877  ;  Egger,  1.  c.,  pp.  426-39  ;  Coblentz , 
De  libelli  Ilepi  v\povs  auctore,  Strassb.  Diss.  1888  pp.  76;  Ph.  Cac- 
cialanza,  in  Riv.  di  Filologia  XVIII  (1889),  2-73. 

d.  Apollonius  Dyscolos,  6  (2  cent.  a.d.). 


Founder  of  scientific  syntax.  “  2wra£ts  amy/eat- 


auctor  artis  grammaticae  ”  Priscian. 

(1)  ’ Ovop.aTLK.6v  (declension). 

(2)  'FrjpiaTLKov  (conjugation). 

>-  /xep^  tov  Xoyov. 


(6)  Ilept  (TWTa$eo)<i,  4  bks.,  extant. 

Cf.  Grafenhan,  III,  109  ft.;  L .  Lange ,  Das  System  der  Syntax 
des  A.D.,  Gottingen,  1852;  E.  Egger ,  A.D.,  Essai  sur  l’histoire 
des  theories  grammaticales  dans  l’antiquite,  Paris,  1854,  pp.  354  ; 
Stein  that,  II,  220-345;  Pauly- Wissowa,  R.  E.  136  ff. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


25 


e.  Aelius  Herodianus  (son  of  A.  D.). 

The  greatest  grammarian  of  antiquity. 

(1)  Ka#oAiKr/  7rpocr coSta,  in  2  1  books, 
a.  Bks.  I— 19 — 7rpocra>Stai,  rovot. 

(3.  Bk.  20  —  xpov°L  (‘quantity’). 

y.  Bk.  21 — On  accents,  enclitics,  diastole,  syna- 
loephe.  Excerpts  preserved  by  Theodosius  and 
Arcadius. 

(2)  Ilept  dpOoypiKpLas,  7repl  7ra#d)v,  tt epl  ovopLaTwv,  Trept 
KAtcrews  ovo/xaTcoi/,  7rept  p^/xarcov,  7rept  av^vyiojv  (‘con¬ 
jugations’),  7rept  /3ap/3apL(rpLOv,  7 rept  pLOvoavWdfiaiv. 
Originals  all  lost  ;  contents  known  through  ex¬ 
cerpts  in  later  grammarians. 

(3)  Ilept  pLovr/pov s  Ae£eoos  (on  peculiar,  anomalous 
grammatical  forms).  Extant. 

Cf.  Aug.  Lentz ,  Herodiani  technici  reliquiae,  2  vols.,  Lpz.  1870 
(ccxxviii+ 564,  viiE  1264,  with  indexes);  Lehrs ,  Herodiani  scripta 
tria,  Konigsberg,  1848;  Pauly ,  K.  E.,  Ill,  1236-40;  E.  Hiller, 
Jahrb.  f.  Philol.  118  (1871),  505-32.  603-29,  Quaest.  Herodianae, 
Bonn,  1866. 

f.  Epitomators,  Lexicographers. 

a.  Iuba ,  king  of  Mauretania,  u<x7rdvTu)v  to-roptxdn-aTos 
/3ao-tAeW,”  Pint.  Sertor.  c.  9.  Author  of  the  #earptK?) 
to-Topta,  one  of  the  sources  of  Pollux. 

Cf.  Rohde ,  De  Pollucis  fontibus,  Lpz.  1870  ;  Bapp,  Lpz.  Stud. 
VIII,  noff. 

/ 3 .  PaviphllltS ,  Ilept  yAaxr<xaiy  r/rot  Ae^etoy  (Aetp,aiy). 
95  bks. 

Epitomized  by  Vestinus  and  by  Diogenianus  in  5  bks. 
Cf.  Weber ,  Philol.  Suppl.  Ill,  467  ft. 
y.  Herennios  Philon  of  Byblos  (61-141  a.d.). 

(1)  Ilept  Krr/creo)?  kgu  exAoy^?  (3l/3\.l<i>v ,  12  bks. 

(2)  Ilept  7rdAea>y  xat  on?  eKaarr]  avrov  eySo- 
£ou  s  r)vey  xev,  in  30  bks.  A  famous  compilation 


26 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


most  extensively  used  by  later  grammarians, 
esp.  Hesychius  and  Stephanus  Byzantius. 

Cf.  Daub ,  Jahrb.  f.  Phil.  Suppl.  XI  437  ff. 

8.  Hephaestion  (older  contemporary  of  Athenaeuc). 
Athen.  XV  p.  673  e  :  4  Aa/3oov  Se  Trap ’  ip.ov  6  Traaiv 
kXo Trrjv  ove tSt£tov  'Ht^aitTTttov  e^tStOTroctytraTO  rrjv  Xvcnv .’ 

Chief  work  :  Ilept  pirpoiv.  48  bks.  (lost).  His 
own  epitome,  ’Ey^etptStoi/  irepl  perpwv,  in  i  bk.  (cf. 
Longin.  Proleg.  ad  Hephaest.  p.  88,  21)  became 
the  standard  school-book  throughout  later  antiquity 
and  the  Middle  Ages. 

Cf.  Westphal,  Metrik  der  Griechen,  Vol.  I,  introduction, 
e.  Athenaeus  of  Naucratis  (close  of  2.  cent.  a.d.). 

On  the  sources  of  the  /XeurvoaocfncrTai  (in  15  bks.) 
Cf.  K.  Bapp ,  Leipz.  Stud.  VIII,  85-160;  F.  Rudolph ,  Philolo- 
gus,  Suppl.  Vol.  VI,  109-163;  Pauly-  Wissowa,  2025-33. 

£.  Aelius  Dionysius  and  Pausanias ,  ’ATTi/ao-rat. 

Cf.  Rindfleisch,  De  P.  et  D.  lexicis  rhetoricis,  Konigsberg,  1866. 
H.  Heyden,  Quaest.  de  Ael.  I),  et  P.  Atticistis,  Etym.  Magn.  fonti- 
bus  in  Leipz.  Stud.  VIII  2  (1S86),  pp.  173-264;  Ael.  D.  et  P.  At¬ 
ticistis  fragm.  coll.  E.  Schwabe,  Leipz.  1890  pp.  282  (Prolegom. 
1-80). 

rj.  Valerius  Harpocration  (2.  cent.). 

AeVets  t  to  v  8  e  k  a  prjr  op  to  v. 

Based  upon  very  valuable  sources  now  lost.  Cf.  Boysen ,  De 
Harpocratiae  fontibus,  Kiel,  1876. 

6.  Julius  Pollux  (IIoAuSeuK^s)  of  Naucratis. 

'OvopLacrr lkov  in  10  bks.  Cf.  Rohde,  1.  c. 
l.  Cassius  Longinus  (1270-275). 

4  Bi/3Aio#ry/o7  kui  TrtpnraT'ovv  povaelov,’  Eu- 

napios.  4  ^tAoAoyos  p.kv  6  Aoyytvos,  t^tAocrot^os  8e 
prjS a/xto?,’  Porphyrius.  Pupil  of  Plotinus,  teacher 
of  Porphyrius.  o  KpiriKos  ( Suidas  s.  v.  <J>povTtov). 

(1)  4>tAJAoyot  6/xt  A  tat,  in  at  least  2 1  bks. ;  fragm. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


27 


(2)  ’Attikwv  Ae^eoov  exSocrets. 

(3)  ’ Anop^piaTa  'O/x^piKa,  llpo/^A^/xara  O p.rjpov 
Kal  AArets,  et  <£iAo<to<£o9  c'0 fJLrjpos. 

(4)  Rhetoric  ( a<f>opixal  Aoyou)  discovered  by  I 
ken  amid  the  Rhetoric  of  Apsines. 

Cf.  Walz,  Rhet.  Graec.  IX  p.  xxiii  ff. 

(5)  [Ilept  x Jij/ovs]  falsely  ascribed  to  Longinus  ;  cf. 
above,  p.  24. 

Cf.  D.  Ruhnken ,  De  vita  et  scriptis  Longini,  1776;  E.  Egger, 
PP-  475~84- 

List  of  the  Most  Important,  Extant  Scholia. 

Cf.  E.  Hiibner,  Encyclopaedie,  pp.  37-402;  Wilamowitz,  Eur. 
Her.  I,  1 7  3-2 10. 

1 .  Homer. 

Subscriptio  in  the  cod.  Ven.  A  :  IlapdxetTai  ra  ’Apurro- 
vlkov  arj/xc  ta  xat  AtSuptov  irepl  ’  A  p  lar  apyeiov  Stop- 
6 0) crew?,  Ttv a  Se  xai  ex  rrjs  ’  IAta 8rj<;  tt pocr cpS tas  'Hpa>- 
Stavoi)  Kal  Ik  tCjv  Ntxavopos  Trepl  err  ty pi?}?.  u  Vier- 
manner  Scholien,”  cf.  above. 

Cf.  Ludwich,  1.  c.,  Friedlcinder,  Aristonicus,  1853;  id.,  Nicanor, 
1850;  Fabricius ,  Bibl.  Gr.  I,  440-56  (index  auctorum). 

2.  Aristophanes. 

Subscriptio  to  the  Clouds  and  Wasps  :  xexGjAtcrrai  Ik  tov 
*H  At  oSuipov,  7rapayeypa7TT(u  ex  tov  I’aftvov  xat  2v/a- 
pa^ov  xat  aXXwv  tlvuxv. 

Cf.  O.  Schneider ,  De  Veterum  in  Arist.  scholiorum  fontibus, 
1838  ;  Wilcnncnuitz,  Eur.  Her.  I,  179-84  ;  IV.  Meiners ,  Quaest.  ad 
scholia  A.  hist,  pertinentes,  in  Diss.  Ilallens.  XI,  217-403  ;  Eabri- 
cius,  II,  392-404  (index  auctorum). 

3.  Apollonius  Rhodius. 

Subscriptio  in  the  Cod.  Mediceus  :  IlapdxetTat  Ta  cryo Ata 
ex  TOiv  Aov  klXXov  Tappatov  xat  ^o^oxAtov?  xat 
®  ewvos. 


28 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


Cf.  Weichert,  Apollon.  Rhod.  pp.  400  ff. ;  Bern  hardy,  Griech. 
Literat.  II  1,  pp.  370  ff.  ;  Susemihl ,  I,  662  II,  46.  686;  Fabricius 
IV,  279-86  (index  auctorum). 

4.  Pindar. 

Cf.  K.  Lehrs,  Die  Pindarscholien,  Lpz.  1863  ;  Fabricius  II,  81-4. 

5.  Aeschylus. 

J.  Richter,  De  Aesch.  Soph.  Eur.  interpretibus  Graecis,  Berlin, 
1839. 

6.  Sophocles. 

Bernhardy,  1.  c.  II  2,  pp.  378  ff. 

7.  Euripides. 

Bernhardy ,  1.  c.  II  2,  pp.  498  ff. 

8.  Theocritos ;  Nicandros  ;  Aral  us  ;  Callimachus'  Hymns. 

9.  Ly  cop  hr  on.  (/.  Tzetzes. ) 

10.  Plato. 

L.  Cohn,  J.  J.  Suppl.  XIII,  773.  Th.  Mettauer,  De  Platonis 
scholiorum  fontibus,  Zurich,  1880  (pp.  122). 

11.  Aristotle.  Commentaries  of  Alexander  of  Aphrodisias, 
Simplicius,  Philoponus. 

12.  De?nosthenes. 

Critical  Signs  (2r?/xeia,  notae). 

Cf.  Reifferscheid,  Suetonii  Reliquiae,  pp.  137-44. 

"O/^Aos  (— )  .  —  lr rpos  ra  voOa  Kal  dOeTOvp.eva.'  Legendary 
origin  of  name,  1.  c.  p.  138. 

SLirXrj  a7repL(TT  lktos,  KaOapd  (>). — (7rapdi<eLTcu  :  I.  7 rpos 
rrjv  airai;  elpy]p.evr]v  A  2.  Trpds  ttjv  rov  7roir]Tov  (rvvrjOeLav 

(inconsistency)  3.  7 rpos  rovs  Acyovras,  /xr/  elvai  tov  avrov 
7roir)TOv  lAtaSa  Kat  OSucrcreiav  (^oipt^ovres)  4.  7 rpos  ras  tiov 
7raAatwv  icrropias  5*  Trpos  ras  ra»v  vea>v  ei/So^as  6.  7 rpos  ttjv 
’Attikt/v  crvvTa^iv  7.  7rpos  tt/v  7ro\v(rr)p.ov  A ‘USUS  est 
ea  in  multis  Aristarchus,  nunc  ea  quae  praeter  consuetu- 
dinem  tarn  vitae  nostrae  quam  ipsius  poetae  apud  eum 
invenirentur  adnotans,  nunc  proprias  ipsius  figuras,  inter- 
dum  ea  in  quibus  copiosus  est,  rursus  quae  semel  apud 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


29 


eum  ponerentur.  Similiter  in  nostris  auctoribus  Probus.'' 
‘Primus  Leogoras  Syracusanus  apposuit  Homericis  versi- 
bus  ad  separationem  Olympi  a  caelo.’ 

An rXrj  Trtpieo-T  cy  pevrj  (  ]>  ).  —  ‘79309  ras  ypaefias  ras  Zrjvo- 
Boreiovs  Kal  K.pdrr]ros  koll  avrov  ’ Apujrap'gov  Kal  ras  SiopOco- 


creis  avrov.' 


'  Acrr  eo  ter  kos  KaO’  eavrov  (•)£•). — ‘7 9369  70U9  avrovs  an'^ov  9 
01  Kcwrat  i v  dXXois  pepemv  rrjs  7roir)crecos,  Kal  opOcos  e^ovres 
(frepovraL,  crrjpaLvcnv  otl  ovtol  Kal  aXXa^ov  CLprjvrai.  ‘  Aristo¬ 
phanes  apponebat  illis  locis  quibus  sensus  deesset,  Aris¬ 
tarchus  autem  ad  eos  [versus]  qui  hoc  puta  loco  [recte] 
positi  erant,  cum  aliis  scilicet  non  recte  ponerentur,  item 
Probus  et  antiqui  nostri.’  Cf.  however  schol.  y  71. 


’A areptcrKos  per’  o/3eXov  (vK* — ). —  ‘evOa 


elm  pev  ra  e-rrrj 


rov  7tolt]tov  ov  KaXws  Se  KtivTat,  aAA’  ev  dXXcp.’  ‘  Propria  est 
nota  Aristarchi,  utebatur  autem  ea  in  his  versibus  qui 
non  suo  loco  positi  sunt,  item  Probus  et  antiqui  nostri.’ 
Cf.  e.g.  A  195. 

*  Avr  L<Jty  pa  (0)*  —  *7 epos  rovs  evrjXXay  pevovs  tottovs  Kal  prj 
avvaSovras.’  ‘  Ponebatur  ad  eos  versus  quorum  ordo  per- 
mutandus  erat.’ 


'Avriatypa  KepLecjTLypevov  (•)•). — ‘  orav  8vo  com  8iavoiai 
to  av to  cnrjpaivovo’aL^TavroXoyet) ,  rov  Troirjrov  yeypaefroros  ap<f>o- 
repas,  ovens  rrjv  erepav  eXrjrai.  ’  ariypa — Aristoph.  =  cmypit)  — 
Aristarch.  Cf.  B  192. 

Ke pavv tov  (“[“)  —  Rare.  —  ‘  8rjXoL  ttoXXols  Crjrrjcreis  rrpos  rats 
7rpoeipr)pevcu<;.’  *  Ponitur  quotiens  multi  versus  improban- 
tur  ne  per  singulos  obelentur.’ 

X  (in  scholia  to  tragedians). 

Ancient  authorities :  Aristonicus  (see  above),  Diogenianos  (?) 
■repl  tQ>v  ev  Tots  (3if3\Lois  <rr]p.eLiov  (Suid.),  Diog.  Laert.  Ill  65,  Sueto¬ 
nius  =  Isidorus ,  Origg.  I,  21  ff.,  de  notis  scripturarum.  See  below. 
Anecd.  Roman,  ed.  Osann,  Anecd.  Venetian ,  ed.  Villoison,  Anecd. 
Paris,  ed.  Cramer  (all  collected  in  Reifferscheid  1.  c.). 


30 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


Modern  treatises:  Grdfenhan  II,  92  f.;  Sengebusch ,  Horn.  Diss. 
I,  22  ff.  ;  Nauck,  Aristoph.  Byzant.  pp.  1 7  £f. ;  Ludwig,  I,  20  ff.  ; 
Susemihl,  I,  432  ff. ;  H.  Schrader,  De  notatione  critica  a  veteribus 
grammaticis  in  poetis  scaenicis  adhibita,  Bonn,  1863  5  and  A. 
Roetner,  Die  Notation  der  Alexand.  Philol.  bei  d.  griech.  Dramat. 
in  Bayr.  Acad.  Cl.  I  Vol.  XIX,  pt.  Ill,  1-52  (1892). 

Principal  Grammatical  Terms. 

GREEK. 

I.  "Ovopa  (Noun). 

1.  reVos:  appeva  OrjXe a,  aKcvr)  (ov&erepov — Stoics).  Cf. 
Arist.  Rhet.  Ill  5  IIpwTdyopas  r a  yivrj  ra»v  ovopidroiv  Sir/ pet. 
Soph.  Elench.  14.  Alexandrian  scholars  added  koivov 

(6  rj  fiovs^),  €7TLKOiVOV  (6  dcTOs). 

2.  ’Ap  i^/xos  :  iviKos,  7 tX^Owtiko^,  and  Sv'lkos  (added  by 
Zenodotus  ?). 

3.  KAtcrets  (declension). 

a.  ovop,a<jTLKr),  evOeta,  opOrj 

b.  yevLKij,  also  7raTpLKrj  and  kttjtlkt]  (possessive) 

C.  SoTlKYJ 

d.  CLLTLaTLKrj,  alsO  i7TL(TTa\TLK7/ 

6.  k\y)Tik.V],  also  TrpoorayopevTLKy 
IlT(joo-et5  7rAaytat,  virTiai  (oblique  cases). 

These  terms  were  still  unknown  to  Aristotle , 

Anal.  Prior.  I,  36  he  declines  a  masc.,  fern,  and 
neuter  noun  in  full. 

II.  'Pfjp.a  (Verb). 

1.  3u£vytai  (conjugation).  In  Dionysius  Thrax  still 
divided  according  to  accent. 

2.  Aia#e 0-eis  (Voices). 

Arist.  Categ.  4  Soph.  Elench.  4  :  ttolclv ,  7rdcr^eiv  (Ivlp- 
yeia,  7 rdOod). 

Stoics :  6p0ov  (active),  vtttlov  (passive),  ovSerepov  (intran¬ 
sitive  middle),  /xeVr;  (middle). 

Dionysius  2/irax :  ivipyt ia,  7 ra#os,  /xecrorryj. 


■n 


> 


3 

s 

q 

r* 

r- 

✓) 

o 

p 

m 

a> 

in 


for  in 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


31 


Later :  evepyrjTLKy /,  7ra OrjTLKrj,  p.ecr6rr]<;  (which  latter,  how¬ 
ever,  also  includes  the  2d.  perfect'). 

3.  ’Ey/<A.6o-ei9  (Moods),  7TTto<xeis  prj/xaTLKai  ( Dionys .  de 
comp.  verb.  6). 

Protagoras :  cvtoXt)  (imperative),  evxwXy  (optative),  cbro- 
KpLcros  (indicative),  ipcoryats  (subjunctive)  —  Ylv6p.eve<i 
Xoyov. 

Dionysius  Thrax :  a.  opLanKr/  (indie.,  so  called  because 
all  definitions,  opot ,  were  in  this  mood)  b.  7rpoo-ra- 
TiKrj  (imperative)  c.  cvkt  lkyj  (optative)  d.  v7roTcu<TLKrj 
(subjunctive)  e.  ai rapep^aro^  (infinitive). 

4.  Xpovot  (Tenses). 

Cf.  Plat.  Soph.  262  C.  irepi  tcuj/  ovrtov  r/  ytyvopevatv  7] 
yeyovoTow  y  p^eXXovr <j)v .  (This  double  present  was  not 
accepted  by  later  grammarians).  Arist.  Top.  II  4 
to  pev  yap  rov  7ra peXrjXvOoros  xpovov  lari,  to  Se  Ka  1  rov 
irapovTO ?  Kttt  rov  peXXovros.  Stoics  :  eveerr goto.,  7rapco^- 
Kora,  peXXovra. 

Dionysius  :  XP° voi  Se  rpe is:  eveo-Tco?,  7rapeXr)Xv0u)<;,  peXXwv. 
tovt(i)V  6  7rapeXr)Xv0u)<5  81a c^opas  TeVcrapas  :  TraparaK- 

tlkov  (imperfect),  TrapaK.eip.cvov  (TeAaos,  perfect),  V7roo-vv- 
tcXlkov  ( vTrepTeXeLOs ,  pluperfect),  aopLcrrov. 

5.  n  p6cro)7ra  (Persons)  :  7rpu)Tov,  Sevrepov ,  rptrov . 

Cf.  Lersch ,  Sprachphilos.  II,  170-222  ;  Steinthal,  Gesch.  der 
Sprachwiss.  II,  209-306.  On  the  terminology  of  the  parts  of 
speech,  see  above  under  Aristarchus. 

ROMAN. 

The  Latin  terminology  of  grammar,  so  far  as  it  is  inde¬ 
pendent  of  the  Greek,  seems  to  have  been  chiefly  due  to 
Varro  and  Nigidius  Figulus ,  but  their  nomenclature  was  not 
accepted  by  later  scholars,  translations  from  the  Greek 
being  preferred. 


32 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


I.  Nomen  (Substantivum). 

1.  Genus  :  virile,  muliebre,  commune,  promiscuum.  The 
terms  4  masculinum  ’  and  \ femininum  ’  cannot  now  be 
traced  back  farther  than  to  Caesellius  Vindex  (2d.  cent. 

a.d.  Cf.  Gell.  N.  A.  VI  (VII),  2),  though  they  doubt¬ 
less  arose  much  earlier. 

2.  Numerus  :  singularis  species,  multitudinis  species  (Varro), 
plurativus  (e.g.  Gell.  I  16,  XIX  8),  plural  is  (e.g.  Quint. 

1  5>  l6)- 

3.  Casus: 

a.  rectus,  nominativus. 

b.  casus  interrogandi  ( Nigidius ),  patricus  (  Varro'),  pa- 
ternus,  possessivus,  genetivus. 

c.  casus  dandi  ( Nigidius ,  Varro),  dativus. 

d.  casus  accusandei  (Varro),  accusativus  —  a  false 
translation  of  atrtartK^  =  causativus,  which  is  also 
occasionally  found. 

e.  casus  vocandei  (  Varro),  salutatorius,  vocativus. 

f.  Sextus  or  Latinus  casus  (Varro),  ablativus  —  prob¬ 
ably  introduced  by  Caesar  in  his  De  Analogia.  Casus 
recti  and  obliqui.  (See  above.) 

II.  Verbum. 

1.  Coniugatio,  ordo.  The  four  conjugations  seem  to  be 
post-Varronian. 

2.  Genera,  adfectus,  significatio  :  activum,  passivum,  neu- 
tra,  communis,  deponens. 

3.  Modi,  qualitates,  status,  inclinatio  :  a.  finitus,  indicati- 
vus  b.  imperativus  c.  optativus  d.  subiunctivus  e.  in- 
finitus,  infinitivus. 

4.  Tempo ra  :  praesens,  praeteritum,  futurum,  praeteritum 
imperfectum,  praet.  perfectum,  plusquamperfectum. 

5.  Personae.  As  above. 

Cf.  Lersch  op.  cit.  pp.  223-256;  L.  Ieep ,  Zur  Gesch.  von  d. 
Redetheilen  bei  den  Alten,  pp.  124-259. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


33 


Roman  Period. 

Bibliography  :  Suetonius ,  de  grammat.  et  rhetor.  ;  W.  //.  D. 
Suringar,  Historia  Critica  scholiastarum  Latinorum,  3  vols., 
Leyden, *1835  ;  Grafenhan ,  II,  261  ff.  IV  ;  Teuffel-Schwabe,  Rom. 
Literat.  2  vols.  18905  <T.  S.>  §  41  :  H.  ATettleship,  Journ.  of  Phil. 
XV,  189  ff.;  Sckanz,  R.  L.  I,  274  ff.,  II,  214  ff.,  424  ff.,  Ill,  139  ff. 

a.  L.  Accius ,  170-c.  86. 

Didascalica  (cf.  Aristotle’s  AiSao-KaAtai).  A  history 

of  Greek  and  Roman  poetry,  with  special  reference  to 

the  drama.  Orthographical  reforms.  Written  chiefly 

in  Sotadean  verse. 

Cf.  T.  S.  §  134,  7,  and  94,  2.  O.  Ribbeck,  Rom.  Dichtkunst,  I, 
267;  G.  Hermann ,  Opusc.  VIII,  390  ff.;  Lachmann ,  Kl.  Schr.  II, 
67  ff.;  Afadvig,  Opusc.  Acad.  70  ff.,  Fr.  Ritschl,  Opusc.  IV,  142  ff. 

b.  L.  Aelius  Praeconinus  Stilo ,  flor.  c.  100  b.c. 

The  first  Roman  philologian,  teacher  of  Cicero  and 
Varro.  Cic.  Brut.  205  :  eruditissimus  et  Graecis 
litteris  et  Latinis  antiquitatisque  nostrae  et  in 
inventis  rebus  et  in  actis  scriptorumque  veterum 
litterate  peritus,  quam  scientiam  Varro  noster  ac- 
ceptam  ab  illo.  Varro  ap.  Get/.  N.  A.,  I  18,  2  : 
litteris  ornatissimus  memoria  nostra,  id.  X  21,  2 
doctissimus  eorum  temporum. 

(1)  Commentaries  to  Carmina  Saliorum ,  cf.  Suringar 
I,  26  f. 

(2)  Interpretation  of  the  XII  Tables.  Suringar  1, 39  ff. 

(3)  Edition  of  Plautus  with  critical  signs. 

Gell.  N.  A.,  Ill  3,  12  :  L.  Aelius  XXV  (comoe- 
dias)  eius  (Plauti)  esse  solas  existimavit ;  Quint. 
X  1,  99,  “Licet  Varro  Musas,  Aeli  Stilonis  sen- 
tentia,  Plautino  dicat  sermone  locuturas  fuisse, 
si  Latine  loqui  vellent.”  Cf.  Ritschl,  Parerga 
91  ff.  126  f.  238.  366. 

(4)  Contributions  to  etymology  and  grammar. 


34 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


Cf.  T.  S.  §  148,  1.  F.  Mentz ,  De  L.  Aelio  Stilone,  Diss.  Ienens, 
IV,  1  ;  Schanz ,  R.  L.  I,  pp.  118  ff. 

c.  M.  Tullius  Cicero ,  106-43. 

(1)  Literary  or  aesthetic  criticism. 

Cf.  Ch.  Causeret,  Sur  la  langue  de  la  rhetorique  et  de  la  critique 
litteraire  en  Cic.,  Paris,  1887  ;  /.  Kubik ,  De  Cic.  poetarum  lat.  stu- 
diis,  Diss.  Vindob.  I,  237  ff. 

(2)  Edition  (?)  of  Lucretius. 

Cf.  Munro ,  Lucretius,  vol.  II,  2  ff. ;  T.  S.  §  203,  2. 

d.  C.  Julius  Caesar ,  100-44. 

De  analogia  (Suet.  Caes.  c.  56). 

Cf.  F.  Schlitte,  De  C.  Iulio  Caesare  grammatico,  Halle,  1865. 

e.  M.  Terentius  Varro  Reatinus ,  116-27. 

‘Vir  Romanorum  eruditissimus  ’  (Quint.  X  1,  95). 
‘  Vir  doctissimus  undicumque  Varro,  qui  tam  multa 
legit  ut  aliquid  ei  scribere  vacasse  miremur,  tam 
multa  scripsit  (620  bks.)  quam  vix  quemquam 
legere  potuisse  credamus’  (Augustin.,  Civ.  Dei.  6, 2). 
Pint.  Rom.  12  av&pa  *P wfiOLLiov  iv  icrTopia  /3i/3\LaKw- 
tcltov.  Esp.  Cic.  Acad.  post.  1,  9. 

Cf.  R  its  chi  Die  Schriftstellerei  des  Varro  in  Opusc.  Ill,  419- 
505,  Parerga,  pp.  70  ff.;  G.  Boissier,  M.  T.  Varron,  sa  vie  et  ses 
ouvrages,  Paris,  1861,  p.  337.  T.  S.  §  166 f.;  Schanz,  R.  L.  I,  276ft. 

(1)  Antiquit  at  um  libri  XL  I. 

(2)  Annalium  libri  III  —  De  vita  populi  Romani  (cp. 
Dicaearchos  Bio?  ‘EAAdSo?)  ;  De  gente  populi  Ro¬ 
mani,  in  4  bks.  (43  b.c.)  ;  de  familiis  Troianis  ; 
Aetia  (cp.  Ainu,  of  Callimachus)  ;  rerum  urbana- 
rum  libri  III  ;  Tribuum  liber. 

(3)  De  bibliothecis  libri  III  :  de  proprietate  scripto- 
rum  ;  de  poetis ;  de  poematis ;  de  lectionibus  ;  de 
compositione  saturarum  ;  de  originibus  scaenicis ; 
de  scaenicis  actionibus  ;  de  actis  scaenicis  (Dida- 
scalica);  de  personis  (masks);  de  descriptionibus  ; 
quaestiones  Plautinae ;  de  comoediis  Plautinis. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


35 


(4)  Disciplinarum  libri  IX  (Artes  liberales  :  1.  gram- 
matica  ;  2.  dialectica  ;  3.  rhetorica  ;  4.  geometria  ; 
5.  arithmetica  ;  6.  astrologia  ;  7.  musica  ;  8.  me- 
dicina  ;  9.  architectural 

(5)  De  Lingua  Latina,  XXV  lbb.  (V-X  extant). 
V-XXV,  dedicated  to  Cicero,  hence  published 

before  43  b.c.  Contents :  Bk.  I  (introd.),  bk.  II- 
VII  (etymology),  VIII-XVI  (inflection,  analogy 
and  anomaly),  XVII-XXV  (syntax). 

(6)  De  sermone  Latino  libb.  V  ;  de  similitudine  ver- 
borum  libb.  Ill  (analogy)  ;  de  utilitate  sermonis  ; 
irepl  'xapaKrripuv  (?  =  descriptiones)  ;  de  antiquitate 
litterarum  ;  de  origine  linguae  Latinae. 

Cf.  Witmanns,  de  M.  T.  V.  libris  grammaticis,  Berlin,  1864. 

f.  P.  Nigidius  Figulus  (f  45  b.c.).  Homo,  ut  ego  ar- 
bitror,  iuxta  M.  Varronem  doctissimus  (Get/.  N.  A. 
IV  9,  1)  ;  vir  doctrina  et  eruditione  studiorum  prae- 
stantissimus  (Sehol.  Bob.  to  Cic.  Vatin,  p.  317  Or.). 

Chief  philological  work  :  Commentarii  grammatici 
in  about  30  bks.  Dealt  also  with  orthography,  syno¬ 
nymies  and  etymology.  Frequently  cited  by  Gellius. 
Cf.  M.  Hertz ,  de  N.  F.  studiis  atque  operibus,  Berlin,  1845  ;  //. 
Swoboda,  P.  N.  F.  operum  reliquiae  with  Prolegomena,  Vienna,  1889. 

g.  Ateius  Praetextatus  Philologus  (t  c.  29  b.c.). 

Cf.  Suet,  de  gramm.,  10  T.  S.,  §  211. 

h.  Noted  philologists  and  grammarians  of  the  Empire. 
First  Cetitury. 

1.  C.  Lulius  Hyginus,  pupil  of  Alexander  Polyhistor, 
head  of  the  Palatine  library  under  Augustus.  Cf. 
Suet,  de  gramm.  et  rhet.  20.  Not  to  be  confounded 
with  the  so-called  Hyginus,  author  of  the  Genealogy, 
Astronomy  and  Fables.  Cf.  Schanz ,  R.  L.  II,  2 1 7  fF. 

Chief  works  (all  lost)  :  Commentary  to  the  Pro- 
pempticon  Pollionis  of  Helvius  Cinna  ;  Commen- 


36 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


tary  to  Virgil  in  at  least  5  bks.  (Cf.  Ribbeck  Proleg. 
Vergil,  p.  1 1 7);  De  vita  rebusque  inlustrium  virorum; 
Exempla  ( Gell .  X  18,  7)  ;  De  familiis  Troianis; 
Urbes  Italicae  ( Serv .  ad  Aen.  VII  678)  ;  de  pro- 
prietatibus  deorum  ;  de  dis  Penatibus. 

2.  Eenestella  ( f  19  a.d.).  ‘  diligentissimus  scriptor,’ 
Lactantius.  Annales  in  at  least  22  bks.  A  repos¬ 
itory  of  information  for  later  writers. 

T.  S.  §  259;  L.  Mercklin,  De  Fenestella  historico  et  poeta,  1844. 

3.  M.  Verrius  Flaccus  (floruit  10  b.c.). 

a.  De  verborum  significatu.  Second  half  preserved 
in  a  mutilated  epitome  of  Festus,  who  in  turn  was 
epitomized  by  Paulus.  A  storehouse  of  infor¬ 
mation  on  Roman  antiquities  and  archaic  Latin. 

j3.  De  orthographia  —  cf.  Z.  Mackensen,  Comm. 
Ienenses,  VI,  2  pp.  62  (1896). 

y.  Fasti,  partly  preserved  (C.  I.  L.  I,  295). 

Cf.  H.  Winther ,  De  fastis  V.  F.  ab  Ovidio  adhibitis,  Berlin,  1885; 
Hiibner,  Grundr.  der  lat.  Lit.,  §  83;  H.  Nettle  ship ,  Lectures  and 
Essays,  pp.  201  ff.  ;  T.  S.  §  261. 

4.  Q.  Asconius  Pedianus  c.  3-88. 

(1)  Commentary  to  Cicero's  speeches  —  one  of  the 
masterpieces  of  historical  exegesis  in  antiquity. 
Written  betw.  54-57  a.d.  Extant  :  pro  Cornelio, 
in  toga  Candida,  in  Pisonem,  pro  Scauro,  pro  Mi- 
lone  (with  a  highly  valuable  introduction). 

Cf.  Madvig,  de  Q.  A.  P.  in  Cic.  oratt.  commentariis,  Kopen- 
hagen,  1828;  C.  Lichtenfeldt ,  De  Q.  A.  P.  fontibus  ac  fide  (Bresl. 
Abh.  II,  4  pp.  88) ;  Pauly-  Wissowa,  1524  ff. 

(2)  Liber  contra  obtrectatores  Vergilii  (Lost). 

Cf.  Donat.  Vita  Verg.  p.  66,  2  R. 

(3)  Vita  Sallustii  —  Doubtful,  cited  by  Fs.  Aero  to 
Hor.  Sat.  I,  2,  41. 

5.  C.  Plinius  Secundus,  the  Elder,  23-79. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


37 


(1)  Libri  dubii  sermonis  ( Plin .  Epist.  Ill  5,  1). 

(2)  De  grammatica  (Plin.  N.  H.  praef.  28). 

Cf.  I.  W.  Beck ,  Studia  Gelliana  et  Pliniana,  Lpz.  1892  ;  O. 
Froehde ,  Valerii  Probi  de  nomine  libellum  Plinii  Secundi  doctri- 
nam  continere  demonstratur,  Lpz.  1892. 

6.  M.  Valerius  Probus  Berytius  (flor.  80  a.d.). 
The  greatest  Roman  philologist.  ‘Nec  Probum 

timeto  ’  (Mart.  Ill  2,  12). 

(1)  Editions  with  critical  signs  (cf.  Sueton.  Reliq.,  p.138  R.). 
a.  Virgil 

Sunngar,  II,  8  ff.  ;  Kiibler,  De  P.  comment.  Verg.,  Berl.  1881. 
/3.  Plautus  (cf.  Leo,  Plautin.  Forsch.  pp.  21  ff.), 

Terence,  Lucretius,  LLorace,  Persius.  I.  Steub.  De 

Probis  grammaticis,  Jena,  1871  ;  T.  S.,  §  300  f . ;  Schanz. 

R.  L.  II,  431  ff. 

7.  Fabius  Quintilianus  of  Calagurris  in  Spain,  c. 

35-95* 

Literary  criticism,  esp.  in  bk.  X  of  the  Institutio 
Oratoria.  Pupil  of  Remmius  Palaemon  (71  S.,  §  282) 
and  teacher  of  Pliny  the  Younger  and  Cornelius 
Tacitus.  Cf.  Gudeman ,  Tacitus’  Dialogus,  Proleg.  p.  XXVIII. 

LXII.  LXXII.;  Peterson ,  Quint.  Bk.  X,  Introd.  pp.  xxii-xxxix. 

8.  C.  Suetonius  Tranquillus,  75-160. 

Cf.  Suidas  s.  v.  TpayKvWos ;  Reifferscheid ,  Suetoni  Reliquiae 
praeter  Caesares,  Lpz.  i860  (Quaest.  Sueton.  pp.  363-538);  Schanz , 
R.  L.  Ill,  42  ff.;  Kubelka,  V.  Progr.  Bohm.  Gymn.  Ung.  Hradisch, 
1896. 

1.  De  viris  illustribus  :  de  poetis  (Terence,  Horace,  Lucan, 
Persius  —  extant),  de  oratoribus  (Passienus  Crispus),  de  his- 
toricis  (Pliny  the  Elder),  de  philosophis,  de  grammaticis  et 
rhetoribus  (partially  preserved).  See  p.  39. 

2.  De  vita  Caesarum  (extant).  —  De  regibus. 

3.  Roma:  7rcpl  vop.Lp.oiv  koX  yjOoiv  ( =  de  institutis  moribus 
sc.  Romanorum),  de  anno  Romanorum,  ludicra  historia 
(de  lusibus  puerorum,  probably  part  of  this),  de  institutione 
officiorum  (part  of  the  Roma  ?),  de  genere  vestium. 


38 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


4.  Pratum  (Aet/xwv)  :  De  homine  (e.g.  de  vitiis  corporali- 
bus),  de  tempore  (technical  treatment,  one  of  the  sources 
of  Macrobius  and  Censorinus),  de  naturis  rerum  (natural 
history).  Cf.  Schanz ,  Hermes,  XXX,  pp.  401-428. 

5.  7 repl  ru)v  nap' "HjXXtjctl  naiSicov —  nepl  rrjs  KiKepoovos 
7roAiraas.  Directed  against  the  attack  of  Didymus.  See 
p.  20  —  nepl  Sva<f)rjpio)v  Xe$cwv  t/TOL  /3Xa(T<f)r)p.Liov  Kal 
noOev  €Ka(TTr)  —  7 repl  lni(rr]panv  nopviov  (Based  on 
Apollodorus  ?  See  p.  17). —  All  under  (5)  written  in  Greek. 

6.  nepl  twv  iv  rots  /?t/?Atots  crrjpeLMv(=  de  notis).  Cp.p.  28  f. 

7 .  Verborum  Dijferetitiae.  —  Of  doubtful  authenticity,  per- 
perhaps  containing  some  excerpts  from  the  Pratum.  —  De 
rebus  variis  (grammatical  fragments  extant). 

Second  Century. 

Aemilius  Asper  (71  S.,  §  482,  3),  Flavius  Caper  ( 71  S., 
§  343,  3  ;  G.  Keil,  De  F.  C.  grammatico,  in  Diss.  Hall.  X, 
243-306),  Q.  Terentius  Scaurus  (71  S.,  §  352,  1),  Arrun- 
tius  Celsus  (T.  S.,  §  357,  3),  Iulius  Romanus  (71  S., 
§379,  1  ;  C.  Froehde ,  De  I.  R.  Charisii  auctore  Leipz.  1892), 
A.  Gellius,  Noctes  Atticae  (71  A.,  §  365;  Th.  Vogel  De 
A.  G.  vita,  studiis,  scriptis  i860;  Z.  Ruske  De  A.  G.  Noct. 
Att.  fontibus  1883;  Schanz ,  R.  L.  Ill,  158  ff.). 

Third  Century. 

Censorinus,  de  die  natali.  Cf.  71  A.,  §  379 ;  Schanz ,  R.  L. 
Ill,  196  ff. 

Fourth  Century. 

1.  Nonius  Marcellus,  Compendiosa  Doctrina  (71  A., 
404a;  Z.  Milller ,  Adversaria  to  his  edition). 

2.  Charisius  and  Diomedes  (T.  A.,  §419;  Z.  Jeep,  Zur 
Gesch.  von.  d.  Redetheilen  bei  den  Alten,  Lpz.  1893). 

3.  Marius  Victorinus  (T.  A.,  §  408,  1). 

4.  Aelius  Donatus  (floruit  c.  350). 

(1)  Ars  Grammatica. 

(2)  Commentaries  to  Terence  and  Virgil. 

Cf.  Suringar ,  I,  78-86;  II,  31-59;  P.  Rosenstock,  De  Donato, 
etc.,  Konigsberg,  1886;  J.  J.  Hartman ,  De  Terentio  et  Donato 
commentatio,  1895,  pp.  239.  See  below,  p.  40. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


39 


5.  Maurus  Servius  Honoratus.  Commentary  to  Virgil. 

Cf.  Suringar,  II,  59-92  ;  T.  S.,  §  431  ;  G.  Lammerhirt ,  De 

priscis  scriptt.  locis  a  S.  allatis,  in  Comm.  Philol.  Ienens.  IV, 

311-406. 

6.  Hierony77ins,  331-420. 

Translation  of  the  xpoviKoi  Kavore?  of  Eusebius 
with  additions  :  “usque  ad  Troiae  captivitatem 
pura  graeca  translatio  est  ...  usque  ad  XX.  Con- 
stantini  annum  nunc  addita  nunc  mixta  sunt  pluri- 
ma  quae  de  Tranquillo  (viz.  SuetoTi.  de  viris  illus- 
tribus)  et  ceteris  inlustribus  in  historicis  curiosis- 
sime  excerpsi.”  On  these  sources,  cf.  Mommsen , 
Abhandl.  der  s'achsischen  Gesell.  d.  Wiss.  I  (1850),  669  ff. ; 
Sychowsky,  H.  als  Literaturhistoriker,  Muenster,  1894,  pp. 
198. 

Fifth  CeTitury. 

1.  Macrobius,  Saturnalia.  (T.  S.,  §  444  ;  G.  Wissowa ,  De 
M.  Saturn,  fontibus,  Breslau,  1888.) 

2.  PrisciaTi  of  Caesarea. 

l7istitutio7ies  gra7ri77iaticae,  18  bks.  The  most  im¬ 
portant  and  exhaustive  contribution  to  Latin  Gram¬ 
mar  made  by  the  Romans.  An  inexhaustible  fountain 
of  information  for  the  grammatical  theories  of  earlier 
writers,  especially  Greek,  now  lost.  The  standard 
work  on  the  subject  throughout  the  Middle  Ages. 
About  1000  MSS.  known. 

Cf.  T.  S.,  §  481,  and  Encyclop.  Britan,  s.  V. 

Sixth  CeTitury. 

1.  Cassiodorus  SeTiator ,  480-575. 

Cf.  A.  Olleris ,  Cassiodore  Conservateur  des  Livres  de  l’antiquite 

Latin,  Paris,  1841,  pp.  71. 

2.  Isidorus,  c.  570-636. 

Ety77iologiaru77i  (Originum)  libri  XX  (T.  S.,  §  496). 


40 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


List  of  Extant  Latin  Scholia. 

1.  Vergilius  : 

Scholia  Bernensia  to  the  Bucolics  and  Georgies.  Intro¬ 
ductory  note  to  the  latter  :  Haec  omnia  de  [tribus] 
commentariis  Romanorum  congregavi  i.e.  Titi  Galli 
et  Gaudentii  et  maxime  Iunilii  Flagrii  (=Iunius' 
Philargyrius,  part  of  whose  commentary  to  the 
Eclogues  is  still  extant). 

Scholia  Veronensia  to  Aeneid  (fragm.). 

Ps.  Probus ,  see  Probus. 

Donatus ,  Servius ,  see  above. 

Cf.  Suringar  II,  8-109.  Ribbeck ,  Proleg.  crit.  ad  Verg.  c.  9. 

2.  Horatius  : 

Porphyrio  (largely  indebted  to  Aero).  Ps.  Aero  (chiefly 
based  on  Porphyrio.  These  scholia  are  handed  down 
anonymously  in  the  older  MSS.)  ;  Cruquianus  com¬ 
mentator,  a  congeries  of  scholia  collected  by  lac. 
Cruquius  from  his  MSS.,  esp.  the  Blandinii. 

Cf.  Suringar  III,  8-86  ;  H.  Usener ,  de  scholiis  Horat.,  Bern, 
1863. 

3.  Terentius  : 

Donatus  (made  up  of  the  original  commentary  of  Do¬ 
natus  and  of  Euanthius.  The  scholia  to  the  Heaut . 
are  lacking)  ;  Eugraphius. 

Cf.  Suringar  I,  78  ff. ;  H.  Usener ,  Rhein.  Mus.  XXIII,  493  ft.; 
H.  Gerstenberg,  De  Eugraphio  T.  interprete,  Jena,  1886;  Sabbadini , 
R.,  Estr.  dagli  studi  ital.  di  fil.  class.  II,  pp.  1-132. 

4.  Lucanus  : 

Commenta  (cod.  Bern.  370),  Adscriptiones  (in  a  number 
of  MSS.). 

5.  Persius  : 

Cornuti  (?)  commentum.  c.  8th  cent.  Cf.  T.  S.,  §  302, 6. 

6.  IUVENALIS  : 

(a)  In  codd.  Pithoeanus  and  SangaJlensis  (IX.  cent).  To 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


41 


the  same  class  belong  the  scholia  (up  to  Sat.  VIII 
i93),  published  by  Valla  under  the  name  of  Probus. 

( b )  Cornuti  (?)  expositio  in  MSS.  of  XV.  cent. 

Cf.  T.  S .,  331,  7. 

7.  Germanicus,  poetic  paraphrase  of  Aratus. 

Cf.  Breysig,  Praef.  to  his  edition  and  Maass,  Proleg.  to  Aratus. 

8.  Statius’  Thebais  : 

Ad  VI  264  :  de  his  rebus  ...  ex  libris  ineffabilis  doc- 
trinae  Persei  praeceptoris  (Cornutus  ?)  seorsum  libel- 
lum  composui  [Lactantius  Placidus]. 

III.  The  Middle  Ages. 

1.  The  Byzantian  Period. 

Standard  work :  K.  Krumbacher ,  Geschichte  der  byzantini- 
schen  Literatur  (I.  Muller’s  Handb.  der  class.  Alterthumswiss., 
vol.  IX,  1),  18972,  pp.  1193;  Characteristic  of  the  period,  pp.  498- 
515;  Wilamowitz ,  Eur.  Heracles,  I,  193-2 19. 

a.  Etymologica  and  Lexica :  Kyrillos,  Eudemos,  Etymol. 
Magnum,  Hesychios  (based  on  the  UepLepyo7revr)Te<s  of 
Diogenianos). 

Cf.  Reitzenstein ,  Griech.  Etymologica,  Leipz.  1897  ;  Kr.  570-581. 

b.  Hesychios  Illustris  of  Miletus  (6.  cent.) 

’Oi'O/jUxroAoyos  7)  Trivai;  r coy  ey  7r(u8eca  ovopLaariov-  Only 
preserved  in  excerpts.  (Chief  sources  :  Aelius  Di¬ 
onysius’  Moixtikt)  icTTopia,  and  Herennios  Philon.) 

Cf.  Kr.,  pp.  323-325. 

c.  Photios,  c.  820-C.  891. 

(1)  Bi /3\.Lo6r']Kr)  or  Mv p lo /3 l /3Xov  (written  before 
857).  Contains  the  excerpts  and  criticisms  of  280 
books  read  by  the  author  while  ambassador  to 
Assyria. 

(2)  A c £ e (o j/  u-vvayojyl/  (based  on  Harpocration,  Di¬ 
ogenianos,  ’Attikcov  uvopuiT toy  Aoyoi  of  Aelius  Dio¬ 
nysius,  Pausanias’  A €$lkov  Kara  cttol^uov,  Platonic 


42 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 

lexicon  of  Timaeus,  and  Boethos,  Homeric  lexica 
of  Apion,  Heliodorus  and  Apollonius). 

Cf.  A'r.,  pp.  73  ff.,  515-524;  Fabricius ,  Bibl.  Gr.  X,  678-775, 

XI,  1-37  ;  Hergenr other,  Photios,  3  vols.,  1869. 

d.  Constantinos  Porphyrogennetos ,  emperor  (9 1 3-5 9 ,  resp. 
945).  E hey  clop  aedia  of  History,  arranged  according 
to  subject-matter  ( e.g .  Uepl  II  peer  ft  clwv,  7rept  i7nftov\u)v 
Kara  ftacnAloiv  yeyovviwv,  7repl  o-TpaTr)yr)p.(XT(i)v,  7rcpl  S77/X77- 
yoptwv),  with  the  original  chapters  of  earlier  historians 
bearing  upon  the  respective  subjects. 

Cf.  A>.,  pp.  252-264,  978-984. 

e.  Suidas. 

Lexicon  (terminus  post  quern  976  a.d.).  First  cited 
by  Eustathius.  A  colossal  monument  of  erudition, 
notwithstanding  many  instances  of  gross  carelessness. 
The  sources  of  Suidas  have  as  yet  been  determined 
with  only  partial  accuracy,  but  he  seems  to  have 
derived,  though  generally  .only  at  second-hand,  the 
bulk  of  his  material  from  the  following  : 
a.  Lexica :  Harpocration,  Aelius  Dionysius,  Pausa- 
nias,  Helladios,  Eudemos,  TAojo-o-at  to  Herodotus, 
and  above  all,  Hesychios,  in  an  epitome  arranged 
in  alphabetical  order  ;  Lexica  to  Euripides,  Menan¬ 
der,  Callimachus. 

ft.  Scholia  and  Commentaries  to :  Aristophanes  (in  a 
more  complete  form  than  the  extant  scholia), 
Sophocles  (Oed.  Col.,  Oed.  Tyr.,  Aiax),  Homer 
(similar  to  those  of  the  Venetus  B),  Thucydides, 
Philoponus  and  Alexander  of  Aphrodosias  to 
Aristotle. 

y.  Histories:  Herodotus,  Thucydides,  Xenophon’s 
Anabasis,  Polybius,  Josephus,  Arrian,  Aelian  (prob¬ 
ably  from  Constantinos’  Encyclopaedia),  Lucian. 

8.  Literary  and  Biographical  material:  Hesychios  (see 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


43 


above),  Atke?iaeus  (Rks.  i  and  II  in  their  unepito¬ 
mized  form).  Whether  the  work  of  Philon  of  By  bios 
(see  above)  was  known  to  Suidas  at  first-hand  is 
very  doubtful.  Strabo  is  completely  ignored. 

Cf.  Fabric  ins,  Bibliotheca  Graeca,  VI,  389-595  ;  G.  Bernhardy , 
Suidae  Lexicon,  I,  Prolegomena,  pp.  25-95  ;  Kr.  pp.  562-570  ;  R. 
Roellig,  Quae  ratio  inter  Photii  et  Suidae  lexica  intercedat,  in  Diss. 
Hall.  (1887)  pp.  1-66;  G.  Wentzel,  Berl.  Acad.  1895,  PP-  4 77—87 . 
f.  Johajines  Tzetzes ,  c.  mo-c.  1185. 

(1)  Bl/3\os  la-ropLUiv  (Chiliades),  in  12,674  political 
verses. 

Cf.  Chr.  Harder,  De  I.  T.  historiarum  fontibus  quaestiones, 
Kiel,  1886. 

(2)  Allegories  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey ,  10,000  verses. 
'O  'Ofxrjpos  6  7ravcro<po' >,  rj  OdXacrcra  tCjv  Aoyoiv.  Ho¬ 
meric  mythology  interpreted  allegorically  and  after 
the  manner  of  Euhemerus. 

(3)  Commentary  to  the  Iliad. 

(4)  Carmina  Iliaca  (Antehomerica,  Homerica,  Post- 
homerica). 

(5)  Scholia  to  Hesiod’s  Works  and  Days,  and  the 
Shield  of  Heracles  (written  before  1138). 

(6)  Scholia  to  Aristophanes’  Plutos,  Clouds,  Frogs, 
and  Arguments  to  the  Knights  and  Birds. 

Cf.  Ritsckl  (. Beil ),  Opusc.  I,  1-172.  197-237. 

(7)  Scholia  to  Lycophrod  s  Alexandra. 

Invaluable  as  the  only  extant  key  to  the  under¬ 
standing  of  this  enigmatical  poem. 

(8)  Scholia  to  the  Halieutica  of  Oppian ,  and  the 
Theriaca  and  Alexipharmaca  of  Nicandros. 

(9)  Epitome  of  the  Rhetoric  of  Hermogenes. 

(10)  Ilepi  ru)v  i v  rots  (TTtyoLS  p.tTpu>v  aTrdvTMV,  c TTtyoL 
7 rep!  SLa(f)opds  TrotrjTcov,  iupt(3oL  reyviKOL  Trepl  KoipoiSias, 
7repi  rpayLKrjs  7roir/o-ea>s. 

Cf.  Kr.,  pp.  526-536. 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


g.  Eustathios ,  Archbishop  of  Thessalonice  (floruit  1175). 

(1)  Commentary  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey. 

Invaluable  repository  of  ancient  learning. 

Principal  sources :  Homeric  scholia,  Athenaeus, 
Strabo,  Stephanus  of  Byzantium,  Aristophanes  of 
Byzantium,  Heraclides  of  Miletos,  and  two  works 
by  Suetonius  (written  in  Greek)  ;  Aelios* Dionysius, 
Pausanias,  and  rhetorical  lexica,  Suidas  and  the 
Etymologicum  Magnum. 

(2)  Paraphrase  and  scholia  to  Dionysius  Periegetes . 

(3)  Commentary  to  Pindar  (only  a  valuable  preface 
preserved). 

Cf.  Kr.,  pp.  536-541  ;  Fabricius ,  1.  c.,  I,  457-501. 

h.  Maximus  Planudes ,  1260-1310. 

(1)  Hepl  ypa/jLfAaTLKrjs ,  7repl  (TWTa^ws. 

(2)  Scholia  to  Theocritos  and  Hermogenes. 

(3)  Suvaytoy rj  e/cAeye tcra  airo  Stacjiopwv  /3l/3\lu)v,  contain¬ 
ing  excerpts,  e.g.,  from  Plato,  Aristotle,  Strabo, 
Pausanias,  Dio  Cassius. 

(4)  Anthologia  Planudea. 

The  Anthologia  Palatma  was  not  discovered  till 
1606  by  Salmasius.  Grotius’  celebrated  translation 
is  based  upon  the  Planudean  collection. 

(5)  Translations  from  Latin  into  Greek, 
a.  Caesar,  De  bello  Gallico. 

/3.  Cicero,  Somnium  Scipionis. 
y.  Disticha  Catonis. 

8.  Ovid,  Metamorphoses. 

e.  Ovid ,  Heroides.  On  the  basis  of  a  very  valuable 
MS.  now  lost. 

Cf.  A.  Gudeman,  in  Calvary’s  Berl.  Stud.  VIII,  3,  pp.  90 
(1888). 

£.  Boethius ,  De  consolatione  philosophiae  (his 
masterpiece). 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


45 


Cf.  M.  Treu,  Comment,  to  Planudis  Epistulae,  Breslau,  1890  ; 

A.  Gudeman ,  Am.  Philol.  Assoc.  XX,  6  ff . ;  Kr.,  pp.  543-546. 

i.  Manuel  Moschopulos  (pupil  of  Planudes). 

a.  ’Ep  cor  rj  fxara  ypa/x/xar  t  k<x.  Of  great  pedagogical 
influence  toward  the  spread  of  Greek  studies 
in  the  Renaissance.  The  famous  grammar  of 
Melanchthon  is  essentially  a  reproduction  of  the 

’Epcarr/p-aTa. 

Cf.  L.  Voltz,  Jahrb.  f.  Phil.,  CXXXIX  (1889),  579  ft. 

(3.  Scholia  to  the  Iliad,  bks.  I  and  II.  Hesiod,  Pin¬ 
dar’s  Olymp.  Odes,  Euripides,  Theocritos. 

Cf.  K.  Hartfelder,  Philipp  Melanchthon,  Berl.  1889,  pp.  225  ; 

M.  Treu ,  1.  c.,  pp.  208-12  ;  Kr.,  pp.  546-548. 

k.  Thomas  M agister  (contemporary  of  /.). 

(1)  ’E/<Aoyi)  6vop.aro)v  kul  p-rj/xarotv  ’Attikcui/. 

(2)  Scholia  to  Aesch.,  Soph.,  Eurip.,  to  three  com¬ 
edies  of  Aristophanes. 

Cf.  Fr.  Ritschl ,  Thomae  Magistri  ecloga,  Halle,  1832,  with  ex¬ 
haustive  Prolegomena  ;  Kr.,  pp.  548-550. 

/.  De??ietrios  Triklinios  (beginning  of  14.  cent.). 

The  foremost  text  critic  among  Byzantian  philo- 

logians.  Notable  contributions  to  Greek  versification. 

(1)  Scholia  to  Pindar;  author  of  two  metrical  dis¬ 
sertations,  and  of  one  of  the  extant  paraphrases  to 
Pindar  (Lehrs,  Pindarscholien,  p.  78). 

(2)  Text  edition,  with  scholia,  of  Sophocles. 

(3)  Scholia  to  five  plays  of  Aeschylos  (except  Choe- 
phoroe  and  Supplices).  Preserved  in  Triklinios’ 
own  handwriting. 

(4)  Scholia  to  Hesiod,  Aristophanes  and  Theocritos. 

Cf.  Wilamowitz ,  Eur.  Heracl.  I,  1 94  f . ;  Hermes  XXV,  161-70; 

A>.,  pp.  554  f- 

.  The  Middle  Ages  in  W.  Europe. 

Copying  of  MSS.  in  monasteries. 


46 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


Cf.  A.  //.  L.  lleeren,  Gesch.  des  Stud,  der  class.  Literat.  seit  d. 
Wiederaufleben  d.  Wissensch.,  vol.  I,  Introduct.,  pp.  1-308  ;  F. 
Haase ,  Ue  medii  aevi  studiis  philologis  1856;  F.  A.  West,  Alcuin 
and  the  schools  of  the  West,  1890  ;  W.  Wattenbach ,  Schriftwesen 
im  Mittelalter,  1875-,  Anleit.  z.  griech.  Palaeographie,  18772, 
Anleit.  z.  lat.  Palaeog.  18864  ;  Th.  Birt,  Das  antike  Buchwesen, 
Berlin,  1882  ;  A.  Ebert ,  Allgem.  Gesch.  der  Liter,  des  Mittelalters, 
3  vols.,  1887'2;  Bernhardy ,  I4,  716  ff . ;  E.  Hiibner ,  Encyclop.,  pp. 
45-64  ;  M.  Manitius ,  Rhein.  Mus.  Suppl.  XLVII,  pp.  152  (catalogue 
of  MSS.  in  cloister  libraries);  Blass,  Palaeogr.2  pp.  299-355.  Of 
mediaeval  scholars  who  possessed  a  knowledge  of  Greek,  the  fol¬ 
lowing  may  be  mentioned  :  Bede,  Ioh.  Scotus  Erigena,  Alcuin, 
Abelard,  Roger  Bacon,  Hrabanus  Maurus. 

List  of  Some  of  the  Oldest  Classical  MSS. 


1 .  Greek. 

a.  Fragments  of  Euripides'1  Antiope  and  Plato’s  Phaedo , 
250  b.c.  (Flinders  Petrie  Papyri,  ed.  Mahaffy,  Dub¬ 
lin  Acad.  1890.)  The  oldest  specimens  of  a  classical 
text  known. 

b.  A  few  lines  of  the  XI.  Iliad  (ante-Aristarchean  and 
non-Zenodotean),  240  b.c. 

Most  of  the  following  dates  are  only  conjectural. 


cent.  b.c. 
(Epicurus,  Phi- 

1.-2.  cent.  a.d. 


c.  Louvre  fragments  of  Euripides ,  2.  cent.  b.c. 

d.  Aleman ,  2.-1.  cent.  b.c.  (Paris). 

e.  Iliad  fragments  (Banks,  Harris),  2, 

f.  Papyri  from  Herculaneum ,  79  a.d. 

lodemus.) 

g.  A  ristotle ,  ’  A  6  r]  v  a  c  o>  v  II  oAtreta,  ^ 

h.  Hero  das,  Bacchylides. 

i.  Hypereides ,  150  a.d.  (London,  Paris). 

k.  Berlin  fragm.  of  the  Melatiippe  of  Euripides ,  3.-4.  cent.. 
/.  Papyrus  fragm.  of  Isocrates ,  4.  cent.  (Marseilles). 

m.  Cod.  Ambrosianus  of  the  Iliad  (Milan). 

n.  Cod.  Vaticanus  of  Cassius  Dio. 

0.  Euripides'’  Phaeton,  and  Menander ,  frag. 
p.  Fragm.  of  Arist.  Birds  (Paris). 


>  5.-6.  cent. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


47 


2.  Latin . 

a.  Fragm.  of  Seneca,  i  cent.  (Herculaneum). 

b.  MSS.  of  Virgil ,  4.-5.  cent,  (chiefly  Florence,  Vatican). 

c.  Fragm.  of  Sallust’s  Historiae,  3.-4.  cent.  (Orle'ans). 

d .  Codex  Bembinus  of  Terence,  4.-5.  cent.  (Vatican). 

e.  Codex  Puteaneus  of  Livy,  6.-7.  cent.  (Paris). 

f.  Palimpsesti. 

а.  Jcvenal  and  Perseus,  frag,  in  cod.  Vatic.,  3.-4.cent. 
/ 3 .  Codex  Veronensis  and  cod.  Vaticanus  of  Livy. 

y.  Lucan  (Vienna,  Naples,  Rome),  4.  cent. 

8.  Cicero’s  De  republica,  4.-5.  cent.  (Vatican), 
e.  Cicero  in  Verrem,  fragm.  in  cod.  Vatic.,  5.  cent. 
£.  Gains ,  5.  cent.  (Verona). 

77.  Plantus  (cod.  Ambrosianus),  5.-6.  cent.  (Milan). 

б.  Gellius  and  Seneca,  fragm.,  5.-6.  cent.  (Vatican). 
1.  Fronto ,  fragm.,  4.-6.  cent.  (Vatican,  Milan). 

k.  Livy,  fragm.  (Vienna),  5.  cent. 

IV.  The  Revival  of  Learning  in  Italy. 

Cf.  G.  Voigt ,  Die  Wiederbelebung  cles  class.  Alterthums,  2  vols., 
Berlin,  18943  ;  J.  A.  Symonds ,  Renaissance  in  Italy  (vol.  II.  The 
Revival  of  Learning),  1877  ;  /.  Burkhardt,  Die  Cultur  der  Renais¬ 
sance  in  Italien,  18855  ;  D.  Comparetti ,  Virgilio  nel  medio  evo,  2 
vols.,  Livorno,  1872;  Alfred  von  Reuniont,  Lorenzo  de’  Medici, 
il  Magnifico,  2  vols.  (1874),  pp.  606.  604,  esp.  I,  517-606  II,  1 — 1 49 ; 
(Engl.  Tr.  1876);  F.  A.  Eckstein ,  Nomenclator  philologorum,  Lpz. 
1871,  pp.  656 ;  W.Pokel,  Philolog.  Schriftstellerlexicon,  Lpz.  1882. 

(A)  Greek  Immigrants. 

Cf.  H.  I/odius,  De  Graecis  illustr.  linguae  Graecae  litterarumque 
humaniorum  instauratoribus,  1742;  Bernhardy ,  i4,  730  ff. 

( i )  M in uel  Chrysoloras ,  1350-1415. 

In  Florence  in  1396,  thereafter  in  Pavia,  Venice, 
Rome.  Died  in  Germany.  Niccoli,  Bruni,  Marsup- 
pini,  Traversari  were  among  his  pupils. 
a.  ’  E  p  ojt  77  /xar  a  rfis  'EAAt/vik^?. 


4« 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


b.  Verbatim  translation  of  Plato's  Republic. 

Cf.  Voigt ,  I,  225-35;  Symonds ,  pp.  108  ff. 

(2)  Georgios  Gemistios  Plethon ,  1355-1452. 

Famous  Platon ist. 

Voigt ,  II,  119-22  ;  Symonds,  pp.  198-210;  F.  Schultze,  G.  G.  P., 
Iena,  1874,  pp.  320. 

(3)  Bessarion ,  1395-1472. 

Pupil  of  Plethon.  Famous  library  of  800  MSS 
bequeathed  to  Venice  (the  foundation  of  the  St. 
Marcus  Library).  Translator  of  Arist.  Metaphysics , 
Xenophon's  Memorabilia. 

Cf.  Voigt,  II,  124-33;  Symonds,  pp.  247  ft.;  H.  Vast,  Le  Car¬ 
dinal  Bessarion,  St.  Petersburg,  1883,  Krumbacher,  pp.  1 1 7  f. 

(4)  Theodoras  Gaza ,  c.  1400-c.  1478. 

a.  Tpa/jL/jLaTLKrj  eicray  coyr/ . 

b.  Celebrated  translations  of :  Aristotle;  Theophras¬ 
tus,  de  plantis ;  Aelian  ;  Dionysius,  De  composi- 
tione  verborum.  Cicero,  de  sen.  and  de  amicit. 
into  Greek. 

Cf.  Ilody,  pp.  55-101  ;  Voigt,  II,  145  ff.;  Z.  Stein,  Archiv  f. 
Gesch.  der  Philosophic,  II  3,  pp.  426-58. 

(5)  Demetrius  Chalcondylas,  1428-1510. 

a.  Edition  of  Homer  (ed.  pr.  1488),  Isocrates ,  Suidas. 

b.  ’EpcoT^/mxa. 

Cf.  Hody,  pp.  211-26  ;  Voigt,  I,  442. 

(6)  Constantinos  Lascaris  (f  after  1500). 

a.  ’Epoir^/xaTa  (Milan,  1476.  First  Greek  book  ever 
printed). 

Cf.  Voigt,  I,  371  II,  148  ;  A.  F.  Villemain,  Lascaris,  Paris,  1825 
(Engl,  transl.  1875,  London). 

(B)  Italian  PIumanists. 

(1)  Francesco  Petrarca ,  1304-74. 

Discoverer  of  Cicero’s  Letters. 


I 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


49 


Cf.  Voigt,  I,  12-159;  Symonds,  pp.  69-87;  Th.  Campbell,  Life 
and  Times  of  Petrarca,  18452  >  A  Geiger,  Petrarka,  1874,  pp.  267  ; 
G.  Korting,  P.  Leben  u.  Werke,  Lpz.  1878  ;  and  esp.  P.  de  Nolhac, 
Petrarque  et  l’humanisme,  Paris,  1892,  pp.  439. 

(2 )  Giovanni  Boccaccio ,  13 13—75. 

a.  Gencalogia  deorum  gent  ilium. 

b.  De  casibus  illustrium  virorum. 

c.  De  Claris  mulieribus. 

d.  De  montibus,  silvis,  fontibus,  lacubus,  fluminibus. 

Cf.  G.  Korting,  B.’s  Leben  u.  Werke,  pp.  742,  Lpz.  1880;  /  roigt, 
I,  165-86  ;  Symonds,  pp.  87-97.  133. 

(3)  Colutius  Salutatus  (Coluccio  de  Piero  de  Salutati), 
i33°-I4o6. 

Cf.  Voigt,  I,  194-214  II  192.  486;  Symonds,  pp.  103  ff. 

(4)  Leonardo  Br uni  (Aretinus),  1369-1444. 

Celebrated  translations  of  Aristotle ,  Demosthenes, 

Plutarch. 

Cf.  Voigt,  I,  309  ff.  II,  165  ff. 

(5)  Francesco  Poggio  Bracciolini ,  1380-1459. 

Discoverer  of  MSS  of  Cicero  (seven  orations),  As- 

conius  Pedianus’  Commentary  to  Cicero’s  speeches, 
Plautus  (XII  new  comedies),  a  complete  Quintilian , 
Ammianus  Marcellinus,  Aratea,  Silius,  Manilius,  Co¬ 
lumella,  Frontinus,  ATo?iius ,  Probus,  Petronius ,  parts 
of  Lucretius ,  Valerius  Flaccus,  Priscian,  Vitruvius, 
Statius’  Silvae  [  Tacitus ,  Dial.,  Germ.,  Suet,  de  gramm.]. 

Cf.  Voigt,  I,  237-62  II,  7.  75.  254  ff.  329-342  ;  Symonds,  pp.  134  ff. 
230-46;  Henzen  in  C.  I.  L.  VI  1  (on  P.’s  contributions  to  epig¬ 
raphy)  ;  Ch.  Nisard,  Les  gladiateurs  de  la  Republique  des  lettres 
aux  X Ve,  X VIe,  X VIIe  siecles,  i860,  pp.  1 17-194. 

(6)  Vittormo  da  Feltre,  1379-1447. 

Celebrated  pedagogue. 

Cf.  Voigt,  I,  537  ff. ;  Symonds,  pp.  289-97,  and  esp.  IV.  H.  Wood¬ 
ward,  Yittorino  da  Feltre,  Cambridge,  1897. 


50 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


(7)  Kyriacus  of  Ancona,  139  i-c.  1450. 

“  I  go  to  awake  the  dead.”  Famous  collector  of 
inscriptions  in  Greece  and  Italy.  “  Maiorem  quam 
ipsi  libri  fidem  et  notitiam  praebere  videbantur  ”  (sc. 
inscriptiones). 

Cf.  Voigt,  I,  271-88  ;  C.  I.  L.  Ill,  p.  xxii,  129  ff. ;  E.  Hiibner, 
Rom.  Epigraphik  (=  I.  Muller’s  Handbuch,  vol.  I'2)  ;  Symonds, 
pp,  155  ft.  ;  B.  de  Rossi,  Inscript.  Christ.  II,  356-387. 

(8)  Giovanni  Aurispa,  c.  1370-1459. 

Famous  collector  of  Greek  MSS.  Reached  Venice 
in  1423,  with  238  vo/s.,  containing  mostly  classical 
authors  purchased  in  Constantinople.  Among  his 
priceless  treasures  were  the  celebrated  codex  Lauren- 
tianus  (seven  plays  of  Soph.,  six  of  Aesch.,  Apollonius ’ 
Argonautica),  of  the  X.  cent.,  now  in  Florence,  Iliad 
(Venet.  A),  Athenaeus ,  the  entire  Demosthenes,  and 
Plato,  Xenophon,  Diodorus,  Strabo ,  Arrian,  Lucian, 
Dio  Cassius. 

Cf.  Voigt,  I,  262  ff.  560  ff.  II,  348. 

(9)  Francesco  Filc/fo  (Philelphus),  1398-1481. 

Itinerant  professor  ;  collector  of  MSS.  Translator 

of  Homer. 

Cf.  Voigt,  I.  351-69;  Syjnonds,  pp.  267-89;  G.  Favre,  Melanges 
d’histoire  litteraire,  vol.  I,  pp.  9-146,  Geneve,  1856;  Nisard,  pp. 
I-H5- 

(10)  Laurent ius  Valla  (Lorenzo  della  Valle),  1407-57. 

a.  Elegantiae  Latini  sermonis,  1444.  59.  edit,  in  1536. 
Still  useful. 

b.  Translations  :  Herodotus,  Thucydides,  Homer. 

c.  Edition  of  Quintilian,  printed  1494. 

Cf.  I.  Vahlen,  Lorenzo  Valla,  Vienna,  1870  ;  Voigt,  I,  464-80 
II,  181  f. ;  Symonds,  pp.  258-65  ;  Nisard,  pp.  195-304;  Mancini, 
G.,  L.  V.  pp.  339,  Florence,  1891  ;  M.  IVolff,  L.  V.  Leipz.  1893. 

(11)  Marsilius  Ficinus  (Marsiglio  Ficino),  1433-99. 
Famous  translation  of  Plato. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


51 


Cf.  Creuzer,  Opusc.  II  5,  pp.  10-21;  Voigt,  ll,  123.326;  SymoncCs, 

pp.  324  ff. 

(12)  Angelas  Politianus  (Angiolo  de’  Ambrosini  of 
Monte  Puliciano),  1454-98. 

Praefationes  to  Homer,  Quintilian,  Statius’  Silvae, 
Suetonius,  Praelectio  in  Persium.  Translation  of 
Callimachus,  Herodianos  and  Epictetus. 

Cf .  Heeren,  1.  c.,  II,  247-69;  Voigt,  I,  371  II,  199;  Symonds, 
pp.  345-55;  Reumont,  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  vol.  II. 

(13)  Petrus  V ictorius  (Pietro  Vettori),  1499-1584. 
The  greatest  philologist  and  critic  of  the  Italian 

Renaissance. 

a.  Edition  of  Cicero ,  with  commentary,  1534. 

b .  Edition  of  Sophocles ,  with  comment,  and  the  scholia, 
1547.  The  Electra  published  for  the  first  time  in 
1545.  Aeschylus,  1557. 

c.  Edition,  commentary  and  translation  of  Aristotle, 
(Ethics,  Rhetoric,  Poetics,  de  partibus  animalium, 
Politics). 

d.  Xenophon’s  Memorabilia. 

e.  Terence  ;  Sallust  ;  Varro,  de  re  rustica. 

f.  Demetrius  [Phalereus]  de  elocutione,  Dionysius, 

Isaeus,  Dinarchus,  Hipparchus  in  Arati  et  Eudoxi 
Phaenomena,  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  Porphyrius 
de  abstinentia.  •  * 

g.  Variae  lectiones,  38  bks. 

Cf.  Banditti,  Petri  Victorii  vita,  Florence,  1758  ;  hr.  Creuzer, 
1.  c.,  pp.  21-36  ;  //.  KcLmmel,  Jahn’s  Jahrb.  XCV,  545  ft.;  XCVI, 
325  ff.,  421  ff. ;  IV.  Riidinger,  P.  V.  Ilalle,  1896,  pp.  150. 

A  List  of  the  More  Important  Editiones  Principes 

of  Classical  Authors. 

Cf.  Chr.  Saxe,  Onomasticon,  2  vols.,  1775-90;  /.  I.  Brunet, 
Manuel  de  Libraire,  etc.,  8  vols.,  18S0;  F.  A.  Schweiger,  Hand- 
buch  d.  class.  Kibliographie,  2  vols.,  1830-34;  S.  F.  G.  Hoffmann, 


52 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


Lex.  Bibliographicum,  3  vols.  "(only  Greek  authors),  1S32;  L. 
Hain,  Repertorium  bibliographicum,  ab  arte  typographia  inventa 
usque  acl  a  MD,  4  vols.,  Paris  and  Stuttgart,  1838  ;  Renouard , 
Annales  de  Pimprimerie  des  Aides,  Paris,  1 834s ;  Sc/iiick,  Aldus 
Manutius  u.  seine  Zeitgenossen,  Berlin,  1862  ;  A.  F.  Didot ,  Aide 
Manuce,  pp.  LX VI IT  +  647,  Paris,  1875. 

1 .  Greek. 

1481.  Theocritus  (Id.  I-XVIII),  together  with  Hesiod, 
Works  and  Days. 

1488.  Homer  (ed.  Chalcondylas).  Valla’s  Latin  transl. 
of  the  Iliad  was  printed  as  early  as  1474. 

1495.  Hesiod,  Opera  omnia  (Aldus). 

1495-98.  Aristotle  (Aldus). 

1496.  Euripides’  Med.,  Hypp.,  Ale.,  Androm.  (I.  Lascaris), 

Apollonius  (Lascaris),  Lucian  (in  Florence). 

1498.  Aristophanes  (excl.  Lys.  and  Thesm.);  Opera 

omnia.  Basle,  1532. 

1499.  Aratus  (in:  Astronomi  vett.  ap.  Aldum). 

1500.  Callimachus’  Hymns  (Lascaris). 

1502.  Herodotus,  Thucydides,  Sophocles  (Aldi). 

1503.  Euripides’  Opera  (excl.  Electra,  edit,  by  Victorius, 

1545,  from  Cod.  Laurent.  32,  2). 

1513.  Plato,  Oratt.  Att.  [Hyperides,  papyrus  discovered 

1847].  Pindar  (together  with  Callim.,  Dionys., 
Perieg.,  Lycophron)  (Aldus). 

1514.  Athenaeus  (Aldus). 

1516.  Xenophon  (excl.  Agesil.,  Apologia,  lldpoi,  ap. 

Iunta),  Opera  omnia,  1525,  ap.  Aldum  ;  Strabo 
(transl.  printed  in  Rome,  1470),  Pausanias. 

1518.  Aeschylus  (Aldus). 

1530.  Polybius  (ap.  Vincent.  Opsopocum,  i.e.  Koch). 
Latin  transl.  by  Nic.  Perrotto  (bks.  I-V),  printed 
x473* 

I533-  Diogenes  Laertius  (Froben,  Basle). 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


53 


1539.  Diodorus  (libb.  16-20).  Latin  transl.  (libb.-I-V) 
by  Poggio,  1472. 

1544.  Iosephus  (Basle). 

1548.  Cassius  Dio  (R.  Stephanus). 

1551.  Appian. 

1572.  Plutarch  (H.  Stephanus).  Latin  transl.  by  Cam- 
panus,  1471. 

2.  Latin . 

1465.  Cicero,  de  officiis.  First  printed  edition  of  a  class¬ 
ical  author.  Cf.  art.  1  Typography  ’  in  Encycl. 
Brit.  Lactantius  (Rome). 

1469.  Caesar,  Virgil,  Livy,  Lucan,  Apuleius,  Gellius 

(Rome). 

1470.  Persius,  Juvenal,  Martial,  Quintilian,  Suetonius 

(Rome).  Tacitus,  Juvenal,  Sallust,  Horace 
(Venice).  Terence  (Strassburg). 

1471.  Ovid  (Rome,  Bonn),  Nepos  (Venice). 

1472.  Plautus  (G.  Merula),  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Proper¬ 

tius,  Statius  (Venice). 

1473.  Lucretius  (Brixiae). 

1474.  Valerius  Flaccus  (Bonn). 

1475.  Seneca  (Prose  Works),  Sallust  {first  volume  issued 

in  octavo). 

1484.  Seneca  (Tragedies)  at  Ferrara. 

1485.  Pliny  the  Younger  (Venice). 

1498.  Cicero,  Opera  omnia. 

1520.  Veil.  Paterculus  (Beatus  Rhenanus,  Basle).  Only 
one  MS  in  existence. 

V.  France. 

Cf.  E.  Egger,  L’Hellenisme  en  France,  2  vols.,  1869;  A.  Le- 
franc,  Histoire  du  College  de  France,  1893,  PP-  432- 

(1)  Robert  Etienne  (Stephanus),  1503-69. 

Learned  printer  of  classical  authors,  e.g.  Horace, 


54 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


Dionysius  Hallic.  Dio  Cassius.  Thesaurus  linguae 
Latinae,  1531-6. 

(2)  Henri  Etienne,  son  of  Robert,  1528-98. 

Thesaurus  graecae  linguae,  5  vols.,  1572  ;  reedited 

by  Dindorf,  1865.  Still  the  most  complete  lexicon  of 
Greek  published. 

Cf.  Egger,  l.c.,  pp.  198  ff. ;  M.  Pattison,  Essays,  I,  66-124;  L. 
Fengere,  Essai  sur  la  vie  et  les  ouvrages  de  H.  E.,  Paris,  1853 ; 
Pokel  (list  of  his  numerous  editions). 

(3)  Adrien  Turnebe  (Turnebus),  1512-65. 

Celebrated  critic.  Edited  e.g.,  Aesch.  Soph.,  Arist. 
Ethics,  Theophrastus,  Philo.,  Cicero  de  legg.  Com¬ 
mentaries  to  Varro  de  ling.  Lat.,  and  Horace ;  Adver¬ 
saria,  30  bks.  Cf.  Pokel  s.  v. 

(4)  Denis  Lambin  (Dionysius  Lambinus),  1520-72. 
Famous  commentator  and  critic  of  Horace ,  Cicero , 

Lucretius,  Plautus,  Nepos. 

Cf.  Orelli,  Onomasticon  Ciceronis,  vol.  I,  Appendix,  pp.  478-91. 

(5)  Marcus  Antonins  Muretus,  1526-85. 

Renowned  Latin  stylist  and  critic. 

Editions  and  commentaries  to  Terence,  Catullus, 
Tibullus,  Propertius,  Seneca  ;  Cicero’s  Philippics.  Variae 
lectiones. 

Cf.  Opera  omnia,  ed.  D.  Ruhnken,  4  vols.  1789  (Life  in  Vol.  IV, 
518-82);  Frotscher,  3  vols.,  1834;  C.  Dejob,  M.  A.  Muret,  Paris, 
1881  (iv,  pp.  496);  M.  Pattison ,  Essays  I,  1 24-132. 

On  Scaliger,  see  below. 

(6)  Isaac  Casaubon  (Casaubonus),  1559-1614. 

Prof,  at  Geneva  1583,  Librarian  at  Paris  1598,  went 
to  England  1610. 

“  Est  doctissimus  omnium  qui  hodie  vivunt,”  Scaligerana. 

a.  De  Satyrica  Graeca  poesi  et  Romanorum  satira,  1605 
(ed.  Rambach,  Halle,  1774). 

b.  Editions  and  commentaries  : 

a.  Theophrastus,  Characters.  1592. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


55 


ft.  Athenaeus,  1598.  18408  (incorporated  into  Schweig- 

hauser’s  edition), 
y.  Persius,  1605.  18334. 

8.  Suetonius ,  1595.  16113  (cf.  F.  A.  Wolf’s  edition), 

e.  Polybius,  1609.  (Especially  noteworthy  for  its  intro¬ 
duction  on  Greek  Historiography .) 

£.  Apuleius,  Strabon,  Polyaenos  (ed.  pr.)  Histor.  Aug. 
Script.,  Aristophanes. 

77.  Exegetical  and  critical  contributions  to  Dionysius 
Halic.,  Pliny  the  Younger,  Theocritos,  Diogenes 
Laertius. 

Cf.  Mark  Pattison,  Isaac  Casaubon,  Oxford,  1S922  (ed.  Nettle- 
ship). 

On  Salmasius ,  see  below. 

(7)  Charles  du  Fresne  sieur  du  Cange ,  1610-88. 

One  of  the  greatest  scholars  of  all  times. 

a.  Glossariutn  ad  scriptores  mediae  et  infimae  Latini- 
tatis ,  1678.  • —  Glossarium  ad  scriptores  mediae  et  in¬ 
fimae  Graecitatis ,  1688.  Still  indispensable. 

b.  Edition  of  Byzantian  Historians,  1680. 

Cf.  Hardouin ,  Essai  sur  la  vie  et  les  ouvrages  de  du  Cange. 
Paris,  1849  5  h.  Feugere,  La  vie  et  les  ouvrages  de  du  C.  1852. 

(8)  Bernard  de  Montfaucon ,  1655-1741. 

Cf.  E.  de  Broglie ,  La  societe  de  l’abbaye  de  Saint-Germain, 
etc.,  1891,  2  vols. 

a.  Palaeographia  Graeca ,  1708  f. 

b.  L’antiquite  expliquee  et  representee  en  figures,  10 

vols.  fol.  (1719),  Suppl.  5  vols.  fol.  (1724).  1757". 

VI.  The  Netherlands. 

Cf.  L.  Muller ,  Gesch.  der  class.  Philologie  in  den  Niederlanden, 
Lpz.  1869  (pp.  249);  G.  D.  /.  Sc  hotel,  De  Academie  te  Leiden  in 
de  i6c,  17°  en  180  Eeuw,  Haarlem,  1875,  PP-  4IQ- 

Desiderius  Erasmus  of  Rotterdam,  1465-1536. 

Cf.  II.  Durand  de  Laur ,  Erasme,  2  vols.  (pp.  694,  596),  Paris, 
1872;  R.  B.  Drummond,  E.,  his  Life  and  Character,  2  vols. 


56 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


(pp.  413,  380),  London,  1873;  Z  Feugere ,  Erasme,  Paris,  1874; 
A.  R.  Pennington,  Life  and  Character  of  E.,  London,  1875;  Poke! , 
l.c.  p.  71  f. 

1.  First  Period,  1530-75. 

(1)  Adriaan  de  Jonghe  (Hadrianus  Junius),  15 11-75. 
Plutarch,  Symp.,  Martial,  Nonius  Marcellus,  Ani- 

madversiones,  6  bks.  —  nomenclator  octilinguis. 

(2)  Jacque  de  Crusque  (Cruquius),  t  1584. 

Editor  of  Horace  with  scholia,  1578. 

(3)  Wilhelm  Cat  iter ,  1541-75. 

Editions  of  Aesch.,  Soph.,  Eur.,  Aristides,  Sto- 
baeus.  Trans,  of  Lycophron’s  Alexandra  (in  Scali- 
ger’s  edition). 

2.  Second  Period,  1575-1650. 

Foundation  of  the  University  of  Leyden,  1575  ; 
Utrecht,  1636.  Cf.  Z.  Muller ,  p.  5  ff. 

(1)  Justus  Lipsius,  1547-1606. 

1567  in  Rome,  1572  Professor  in  Jena,  1576  in 
Lowen,  1579  in  Leyden,  1592  in  Lowen. 

a.  Tacitus,  15741.  Epoch-making  masterpiece. 

b.  Velleius  Paterculus ,  1591.  Cf.  Ruhnken ,  Opusc.  II, 
P-  54i. 

c.  Seneca  Philosophus,  1605. 

d.  Valerius  Maximus. 

Cf.  A.  de  Reiffenberg,  De  J.  L.  vita  et  scriptis  commentarius, 
Brussels,  1823;  L.  Matter,  pp.  24-29.  33-35. 

(2)  Joseph  Justus  Scaliger,  1540-1609. 

Wyttenbach ,  Praef.  ad  Plut.  Moralia  ‘  Unus  forte 

Joseph  Scaliger,  quern  ex  omnibus  qui  post  renatas 
Literas  fuerunt,  omni  Antiquitatis  scientia  consuma- 
tissimum  fuisse  constat,  non  multum  ab  hac  perfec- 
tione  abfuit.’  “The  most  richly  stored  intellect  which 
ever  spent  itself  in  acquiring  knowledge  ”  Patti  son. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


57 


“Melius  morbos  quam  remedia  novimus  ”  Scaliger. 
Born  in  France.  Called  to  Leyden  in  1593. 

a.  Coniectanea  to  Varro,  De  L.  L.,  1565. 

b.  Catalecta  Virgilii  et  aliorum  poetarum  veterum, 

T572* 

c.  Festus,  1575. 

d.  Catullus ,  Tibullus,  Propertius,  1577. 

e.  Manilius,  1579. 

f.  De  emendatione  temporum,  1583. 

g.  Thesaurus  temporum,  1606. 

h.  Twenty-four  Indexes  to  Gruter’s  Thesaurus 
inscrip.  Latin.,  1601. 

i.  De  re  nummaria,  1616;  Opuscula,  1610;  De  arte 
critica,  1619. 

Cf.  J.  Bernays ,  J.  J.  Scaliger,  Berlin,  1855  (pp.  319);  List  of 
works,  1.  c.  pp.  267-305;  L.  Muller ,  pp.  35.  222-7  1  hi.  Pattison , 
Essays,  Vol.  I,  196-244;  Ruhnkenius ,  Elog.  Hemsterhusii  (Opusc. 
I,  269). 

(3)  Gerhard  Johannes  Vos  si  us,  1577-1649. 

1615  in  Leyden,  1622  in  Amsterdam. 

a.  Grammatica  Latina  (1607),  Aristarchus  (1635), 
de  vitiis  sermonis  (1640),  Etymologicum  (1660). 

b.  Ars  rhetorum,  de  arte  poetica  (1647). 

c.  De  historicis  Graecis,  1634  (1833  ed.  Wester- 
mann). 

d.  De  historicis  Latinis,  1627,  1651 2. 

Cf.  L.  Muller,  p.  39  f.;  Poke! ,  s.  v. 

(4)  Daniel  Heinsius,  1581—1639. 

Editor  of  Hesiod,  Theocritos,  Terence,  Virgil, 
Horace,  Ovid,  Seneca,  Silius. 

Cf.  L.  Muller,  p.  38  f. 

(5)  Claude  de  Saumaise  (Salmasius),  1588-1653. 
Professor  in  Leyden,  1631.  At  the  court  of  Chris¬ 
tina  of  Sweden,  1650.  Opponent  of  Milton.  Dis¬ 
coverer  of  Kephalas’  Anthologia,  1606. 


58 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


“  Non  homini  sed  scientiae  deest  ouod  nescivit  Salmasius.” 
—  Balzac. 

a.  Hist.  Aug.  Scriptt.  1620  ;  Florus,  1609 ;  Ter- 
tullian. 

b.  Plinianae  exercitatt .  in  Solinum,  1629. 

c.  De  lingua  hellenistica,  1643. 

d.  De  usuris,  de  mutuo,  de  annis  climactericis. 

e.  De  re  militari  Romanorum,  1657. 

Cf.  Saxe,  Onomast.  IV,  188  ff.;  F.  Creuzer ,  1.  c.  pp.  65-75;  L. 
Milller,  p.  41. 

(6)  Hugo  Grotius ,  1583-1645. 

‘  Aliter  pueri  Terentium  legunt,  aliter  Grotius.’ 

a.  Famous  transl.  of  the  Anthol.  Planudea ,  1645. 

b.  De  hire  belli  et  pads ,  1 6  2  5  h 

c.  Editions  of :  Mart.  Capella,  Lucan’s  Pharsalia, 
Silius  Italicus. 

Cf.  Creuzer,  1.  c.  p.  So  ff.;  L.  Muller,  p.  38  ;  //.  de  Vries,  H.  G. 
1S27;  Pokel.  s.  v. 

3.  Third  Period,  1650-1750. 

(1)  Joh.  Friedrich  Gronov ,  161 1-1671. 

“Numquam  interituram  esse  veram  educationem  donee  Gro- 
novii  opera  legentur.”  —  Markland. 

Edited:  Sallust,  Livy,  both  Senecas,  the  two  Plinys, 
Tacitus,  Gellius,  Justinus,  Plautus,  Phaedrus,  Sta¬ 
tius,  Martial. 

Cf.  L.  Muller,  pp.  42-44. 

(2)  Jacob  Gronov ,  1645-1716,  son  of  (1).  • 

a.  Editor  of :  Herodotus,  Polybius,  Cicero,  Ammi- 
anus. 

b.  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Graecarum ,  13  vols.,  1702. 

(3)  Nicolaus  Hein  si  us  (son  of  Daniel  H.),  1620-81. 
Editions  and  commentaries  of:  Virgil,  Ovid,  Va¬ 
lerius  Flaccus,  Silius,  Claudianus,  Prudentius,  Petro- 
nius,  Velleius,  Curtins,  Tacitus. 

Cf.  L.  Muller,  pp.  51-54. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


59 


(4.)  Joh.  Georg  Graevius ,  1623-1703. 

Editor  of  :  Ciceronis  Opera  omnia,  Hesiod,  Calli¬ 
machus,  Iustinus,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Propertius,  Flo- 
rus.  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Romanorum ,  12  vols., 
1699. 

Cf.  L.  Muller ,  pp.  44  f. 

(5)  Ezechiel  Spanheim,  162 9—1 710. 

Born  in  Geneva,  died  in  London.  Educated  in 
Leyden. 

a.  Famous  and  still  useful  commentary  to  the  Hymns 
of  Callimachus ,  ed.  Ernesti,  1761,  in  2  vols. 

b.  Dissertatio  de  usu  ct  praestantia  numismatum  a?iti- 
quorum ,  1664,  17063. 

Cf.  D.  Ruhnken ,  Opusc.  II,  596  f. 

(6)  Peter  Burmann  the  elder,  1668-1741. 

Editor  of :  Petronius,  Velleius,  Quintilian,  Sue¬ 
tonius,  Aristophanes,  Phaedrus,  Lucan,  Valerius 
Flaccus. 

0 

Cf.  L.  Miiller,  pp.  45,  f.  54-59  ;  Saxe,  Onomast.  V,  466-77. 

(7)  Peter  Burmann  [Secundus],  nephew  of  (6),  1714- 
78- 

Editor  of  :  Virgil,  Propertius,  Claudianus,  Poetae 
Minores ,  Anthologia  Latina. 

Cf.  T.  C.  Harles,  Vitae  Philologorum  nostra  aetate  clarissimo- 
rum,  vol.  I,  93-167. 

(8)  Tiberius  Hemsterhuis  (Hemsterhusius),  1685- 
1766. 

Prof,  in  Franeker  1717,  in  Leyden  1740.  Resus- 
citator  of  Greek  studies  in  Holland. 

Editions  of  Pollux  (1706),  Lucian  and  Aristoph. 
Plutos. 

Cf.  D.  Ruhnken,  Elogium  H.,  pp.  1-33,  with  notes  by  Bergman, 
PP-  3°3“336  5  L-  MMler,  pp.  74-82. 


6o 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


4.  Fourth  Period,  1750  to  the  present. 

(1)  Ludwig  Caspar  Va/ckenaer ,  1715-85. 

Prof,  in  Franeker,  1741;  in  Leyden,  1766. 

a.  Editions  of:  Homer,  Iliad  with  scholia,  1747. 
Euripidis  Phoenissae,  1755  (18244,  Lpz.  2  vols.). 
Euripidis  Hippol.  acced.  Diatribe  in  Eur.  perdit. 

FABB.  RELL.  1 768  (1823,  LpZ.  2  Vols.). 
Theocritos,  Bion  and  Moschus ,  1781.  Poetae 
bucolici  et  didactici  ed.  ill.  1781. 

Callimachi  fragmenta,  ed.  Luzac,  1799. 

b.  Diatribe  de  Aristobulo  ed.  Luzac,  1806. 

c.  F.  Ursinus,  Vergilius  collatione  scriptt.  Graec. 
illustr.  ed.  Valck.,  1747. 

Cf.  Wyttenbach,  Vita  Ruhnkenii,  pp.  175-181  ;  Z.  Muller, 
pp.  82  f. 

(2)  David  Ruhneken  (Ruhnkenius),  1723-98. 

Prof,  at  Leyden.,  born  in  Germany. 

a.  J'imaei  lexicon  vocum  Platonicarum,  1754  (18334). 

b.  Oratio  de  doctore  umbratico,  Leyden,  1761. 

c.  Historia  critica  oratorum  Graecorum ,  1768  (Lpz. 
1841). 

d.  (P.  J.  Schardam)  De  vita  et  scriptis  Longini. 

e.  Velleius,  Homeric  Hymns  to  Demeter  and  Dio¬ 
nysos. 

f  Dictata  in  Terentium,  in  Ovidii  Heroidas,  in  Sue- 
tonium. 

Cf.  D.  Wyttenbach,  Vita  D.  Ruhnkenii,  pp.  67-300,  ed.  with 
notes  by  Bergman,  pp.  353-494  (1824);  Z.  Milller,  pp.  84-8,  101-3. 

(3)  Datiiel  Wyttenbach ,  1746-1820. 

a.  Plutarch  1  Moralia  (Text,  A nimadvers iones,  in¬ 
dex,  14  vols.;  Commentary  unfinished),  1795-1820. 
Plato’s  Phaedo. 

b.  Philomathia,  3  vols.,  1817.  Bibliotheca  Critica, 
1779-1809.  Vita  Ruhnkenii ,  1799. 

Cf.  Z.  Muller ,  pp.  91-6 ;  Mahnc ,  Vita  D.  Wyttenbachi,  1823. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


6 1 


(4)  Peter  Hof  man- Peerlkamp,  1786-1865. 

Editions  of  :  Tacitus’  Agricola ;  Horace,  Odes 
(1834),  Satires  (1845)  and  Ars  Poetica  (1863);  Vir¬ 
gil’s  Aeneid  (1863);  Propertius,  1865. 

Cf.  L.  Muller ,  pp.  nof. 

(5)  C.  Gabriel  Cobet,  1813—89. 

Prof,  in  Leyden. 

a.  O ratio  de  arte  interpretandi,  1847. 

b.  Diogenes  Laertius,  Paris,  1850  ;  Lysias,  1863. 

c.  Novae  Lectiones,  2  vols.  Variae  Lectiones,  2  vols. 

Cf./.  J.  Hartman,  Biogr.  Jahrbuch  (Calvary),  XII,  53  ff.  (1S89). 
VII.  England. 

Burney’s  Pleiad:  Bentley,  [Dawes],  Markland,  Taylor, 
[Toup,  Tyrwhitt],  Porson. 

(1)  Richard  Bentley,  1662-1742. 

“Nobis  et  ratio  et  res  ipsa  centum  codd.  potiores  sunt.” — To 
Hor.  C.  Ill,  27,  13. 

1676  in  Cambridge,  1689  in  Oxford,  1694  in  Lon¬ 
don,  1700  Master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

a.  Ppistola  ad  Millium ,  1691. 

b.  Dissertation  on  the  Epistles  of  Phalaris, 
etc.,  1690  (ed.  W.  Wagner,  1874).  Immortal 
masterpiece. 

c.  Horace,  17  1 1.  1869  (ed.  Zangemeister).  Epoch- 

making  masterpiece. 

d.  Discovery  of  the  Digainma  in  Homer  (Collins  on 
Freethinking,  1713,  ed.  of  Milton,  1732). 

e.  Terence  (Famous  introduction  on  Latin  Versifica¬ 
tion ),  with  Phaedrus,  Publilius  Syrus,  1726. 

f.  Collection  of  the  fragments  of  Callimachus,  1693. 

g.  Manilius.(i 739);  Emendations  to  Menander  and 
Philemon  (1710). 


62 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


Cf.  J.  H.  Monk,  Life  of  R.  B.,  2  vols.  18332  (I,  428  II,  466); 
F.  A.  Wolf,  Literar.  Analecten  I,  1-95  II,  493-9  (=  Klein.  Schrift. 
II,  1030-1089  ff.) ;  R.  C.  Jebb,  R.  B.  (Engl.  Men  of  Letters),  Lond. 
1882  (pp.  224);  J.  Aldhly,  R.  B.,  1868  (pp.  179).  Bernays ,  Philol. 
Mus.  VIII,  1-24. 

(2)  Jeremiah  Markland ,  1693-1776. 

Editor  of  Euripides ,  Maximus  Tyrius,  Statius'  Syl- 
vae.  Remarks  on  the  Epistles  of  Cicero  to  Brutus , 

1 7  45  - 

Cf.  Wolf  Analecten,  II,  370-91. 

(3)  John  Taylor ,  1703-66. 

Editor  of  Lysias ,  1739  ;  Aeschines,  1769;  several 
orations  of  Demosthenes. 

Cf.  Wolf  1.  c.  I,  500  ff. 

(4)  Richard  Porson,  1759-1808. 

Next  to  Bentley,  England’s  greatest  text  critic. 
Prof,  in  Cambridge,  1792  ;  Librarian  of  the  London 
Institution,  1805. 

a.  Aeschylus,  1795,  2  vols. 

b.  Eurip.  Hecuba,  1797,  with  suppl.  to  the  famous 
preface  on  Greek  versification  [Canon  Porsonia- 
nus],  1808. 

c.  Eurip.  Orest.  1798;  Phoen.  1799;  Medea,  1801. 

d.  Critical  contributions  to  Homer,  Herodotus,  Xeno¬ 
phon,  Aristoph.,  Pausanias,  Suidas. 

Cf.  J.  S.  Watson ,  Life  of  R.  P.,  1861;  F.  A.  Wolf  Anal.  II, 
284-9;  6\  Hermann,  Opusc.  VI,  92  ff.  Tracts  and  Miscellaneous 
Criticism  of  R.  P.,  edited  by  Kidd,  1815. 

(5 )  Peter  Elms  ley,  1773-1825. 

Editions  of :  Thucydides  ;  Eurip.  Ale.,  Androm., 
Elect.,  Med.,  Heracl.,  Bacch. ;  Aristoph.,  Acharn., 
with  comment.,  1809.  Soph.,  O.  T.,  O.  C. 

(6)  William  Martin  Leake,  1777-1869. 

Celebrated  traveler  and  archaeologist. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


63 


a.  Topography  of  Athens  and  the  demi. 

b.  Travels  in  Northern  Greece,  1841,  4  vols. 

c.  Travels  in  the  Morea,  1830,  2  vols. 

Cf.  J.  H.  Marsden ,  Memoir  on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  W. 
M.  L.,  London,  1S64;  A.  Curtins,  Alterthum  u.  Gegenwart  II, 

3°5~323* 

( 7 )  Thomas  Gaisford,  1779-1855. 

Edition  of  :  Hcphaestion ,  Procli  Chrestom.,  Saidas , 
3  vols.,  Scriptt.  lat.  rei  metricae,  Paroemiogr.  Graec., 
Etymol.  Magn.  Stobaeus ,  Eusebius ,  6  vols. 

(8)  George  Grote ,  1794-1871. 

#.  Greek:  History,  12  vols.,  1856. 

A  Plato  and  the  other  companions  of  Socrates,  1865. 
c.  Aristotle  (unfinished),  1871. 

Cf.  Harriett  Grote ,  G.  G.  1873;  Pi°gr.  Jahrb.  I,  31  ff. 

(9)  Hugh  Andrew  Johnstone  Munro ,  1819-85. 

<7.  Lucretius  (text,  comment.,  transl.),  3  vols.,  1873. 
18864. 

A  Lucil.  Aetna,  text  and  comment.,  1867. 

c.  Horace,  1869. 

d.  Criticisms  and  Elucidations  of  Catullus,  1878. 
Cf./.  D.  Duff,  Biogr.  Jahrb.  VII,  hi  ff. 

(10)  Benjam in  Jowett ,  1817-1893. 

Translations  of :  The  Dialogues  of  Plato,  5  vols., 
18923;  Thucydides  with  Commentary,  2  vols.  1881; 
Politics  of  Aristotle,  1885. 

VIII.  Germany. 

Chief  work  :  C.  Bursian,  Geschichte  der  class.  I’hilologie  in 
Deutschland  von  den  Anfangen  bis  zur  Gegenwart,  Munich,  1883 
(pp.  VIII  +  1271) ;  Ratwier,  K.  von,  Geschichte  der  Paedagogik, 
vols.  IV,  V  (edited  by  G.  Lothholz,  Giitersloh,  1896)  ;  Schroder, 
I.  F.,  Das  Wiederaufleben  der  classischen  Studien  in  Deutsch¬ 
land  im  15.  Jahrh.  1864;  Schmidt,  /.,  Geschichte  des  geistigen 
Lebens  in  Deutschland  von  Leibnitz  bis  Lessing,  2  vols.,  1864; 
Paulsen,  F,  Geschichte  des  gelehrten  Unterrichts  in  Deutsch- 


64 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


land,  2  vols.,  1896 2 ;  Kaufmann,  G.,  Geschichte  der  deutschen 
Universitaten,  2  vols.,  1896;  Hilbner ,  1.  c.  pp.  99-121. 

(A)  Ante-Wolfian  Period. 

(1)  Roclef  Huysman  ( Rudolphus  Agricola),  1442/3-85. 
Famous  pedagogue.  The  first  to  introduce  the  sys¬ 
tematic  study  of  the  classics  into  Germany.  Trans¬ 
lation  of  Pseudo-Plato’s  Axiochus,  several  treatises  of 
Lucian.  Commentary  to  Seneca  Rhetor. 

Cf.  Bursian ,  pp.  101  f. 

(2)  Johannes  Reuchlin,  1455-1522. 

B.  at  Pforzheim,  studied  at  Freiburg,  Paris,  Basle, 
Orleans.  Followed  a  diplomatic  career.  Retired 
into  private  life  in  1512.  Professor  at  Ingolstadt 
1520,  Tubingen  1521.  Championed  in  the  famous 
“  Epistolae  obscurorum  virorum.” 

a.  Vocabularius  breviloquus,  synopsis  grammaticae 
Graecae. 

b.  Translation  of  the  Batracho[myo]machia. 

c.  Editions  of  :  Xenophon ,  Apol.  Agesil.  Hiero  ;  Aes- 
chinis  et  Demosthenis  oratt.  adversariae. 

Cf.  L.  Geiger,  R.,  sein  Leben  u.  seine  Werke,  Berl.  1871  ;  Bur¬ 
sian ,  pp.  120-31. 

(3)  Philip  Melanchthon,  1497-1560. 

‘  Praeceptor  Germaniae.’  B.  in  the  Palatinate, 
studied  at  Tubingen,  professor  in  1514,  at  Wittenberg 
from  1518  till  his  death. 

a.  Institutiones  Linguae  Graecae,  1518.  162244. 

b.  Grammatica  Latina,  1525.  1 757s4. 

c.  Editions  for  commentaries  to  :  Aristoph.  Clouds, 
Plutus ;  Arist.  Ethics  and  Politics;  Hesiod;  The- 
ognis  ;  Dem.  Olynth.  I.,  in  Aristog.  ;  Lycurgos  in 
Leocritem  ;  Aratus.  —  Cic.  de  Off.,  de  Orat.,  de 
Am.,  Orator,  Topica,  Epist.  ad  Fam.,  Orations ; 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY.  65 

Terence;  Virgil;  Ovid’s  Fasti;  Sallust;  Quint. 
Inst.  Bk.  X;  Tac.  Germ. 

d.  Latin  translations  of  :  Pindar,  Euripides  ;  speeches 
in  Thucydides  ;  some  speeches  of  Demosth.;  Aesch. 
in  Ctesiph. 

e.  Handbooks  on  Rhetoric,  Dialectics. 

Cf.  Camerarius ,  de  vita  Ph.  M.  ed.  by  Th.  Strobel,  Halle,  1877, 
Schmid,  Encycl.  d.  Paedag.  IV,  653-78,  Raumer ,  1.  c.  I,  pp.  145  ff., 
346  f.,  and  esp.  K.  Hartfelder,  Ph.  M.,  Berlin,  1889. 

(4)  Joachim  Kammermeister  ( Camerarius ),  1500-74. 

B.  at  Bamberg,  studied  at  Leipzig,  professor  at 
Tubingen  (1535),  at  Leipzig  (1541-74). 

a.  Editions  of :  Speeches  of  Demosth.,  Sophocles 
with  commentary  (1534,  1556),  Quintilian  with 
comment.  (1534),  Cicero,  4  vols.  fob,  1540,  Herod¬ 
otus,  Thucydides,  Plautus  (1552),  Theocritus, 
Aristotle’s  Ethics,  Theophrastus,  historia  rei  num- 
mariae. 

Cf.  Ritschl ,  Opusc.  II,  99  ff.,  Ill,  67  ff.  (On  his  edition  of  Plau¬ 
tus)  ;  Bursian ,  pp.  185-90.  Full  list  of  works  in  Pokel ,  s.v.  pp.  39  f. ; 
C.  Halm,  Munich.  Acad.  II  (1873),  241-273. 

(5)  Johann  Albert  Fabricius ,  1668-1736. 

B.  at  Leipzig,  professor  at  a  gymnasium  at  Ham¬ 
burg. 

a.  Bibliotheca  Graeca ,  14  vols.,  1728  (ed.  Harles, 
1809,  12  vols.,  index,  1838).  A  monumental  and 
still  indispensable  storehouse  of  information. 

b.  Bibliotheca  Latina,  1697  (ed.  Ernesti,  1773). 

c.  Bibliotheca  Lat.  med.  et  infim.  aetatis,  1746,  6  vols. 

d.  Sextus  Empiricus,  1718. 

Cf.  //.  S.  Reiviarus ,  de  vita  et  scriptis  F.  Hamburg,  1737; 
Creuzer,  pp.  201-5;  Bursian,  pp.  360-4;  Pokel,  s.v. 


66 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


(6)  Johann  Mathias  Gesner ,  1691-1761. 

B.  in  Bavaria,  studied  at  Jena,  taught  at  gymnasia 
from  1715  to  1734  (Weimar,  Ansbach,  Leipzig), 
professor  at  the  new  university  of  Goettingen  from 
1734  till  his  death.  Reformer  of  classical  studies. 

Editions  of:  Pseudo- Lucian,  Philopatris  (1714), 
Scriptores  rei  rusticae ,  Horace,  Quintilian,  Pliny  the 
Younger,  Claudian.  Thesaurus  Linguae  Latinae, 
2  vols.  fob,  1749.  Transl.  of  Lucian . 

Cf.  Bursian ,  pp.  387-93  ;  F.  Paulsen ,  vol.  I,  1.  c. 

(7)  Johann  August  Ernesti,  1707-81. 

B.  in  Thuringia,  Gesner’s  successor  as  rector  of  the 
Thomas  Gymnasium,  Leipzig;  professor  at  this  univer¬ 
sity  from  1742  till  his  death.  Famous  teacher  and 
Latin  stylist. 

Editions  of:  Xenophon’s  Memorab.,  Arist.  Clouds, 
Homer,  Callimachus,  Polybius,  Tacitus,  Sueton., 
Cicero ,  1739,  1774,  5  vols.,  with  clavis  Ciceroniana 
(Halle,  18322). 

Cf.  Bursian ,  pp.  400-4 ;  Allg.  deutsche  Biogr.  VI,  235-42. 

(8)  Joh.  Jacob  Reiske,  1716-74. 

B.  in  Saxony,  studied  at  Leipzig,  doctor  of  medicine 
at  Amsterdam  1746,  professor  of  Arabic  at  Leipzig  in 
i748,  rector  of  the  Nicolai  Gymnasium  at  Leipzig 
from  1758  till  his  death.  One  of  the  greatest  Greek 
scholars  of  modern  times. 

a.  Edition  of  Constantinos  Porphyrogennetos,  de 
cerimoniis  aulae  Byzantinae,  2  vols.,  1754. 

b.  Editions  of  :  Theocritus,  2  vols.,  1766  ;  Oratt. 
Graeci ,  12  vols.,  1775. 

c.  Editions  of  :  Plutarch ,  1 2  vols.  ;  Dionysius  Halic., 
6  vols.  ;  Maximus  Tyrius ,  2  vols.  ;  Dion  Chrysos- 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY.  67 

tomus,  2  vols.;  Libanius,  4  vols.  (all  printed  after 
R/s  death). 

d.  Translation  of :  Speeches  in  Thucyd.,  Speeches 
of  Deni,  and  Aesch.,  5  vols. 

e.  Animadversiones  ad  auctores  Graecos,  5  vols.,  1766. 
Cf.  Autobiography ,  Lpz.  1783,  pp.  818;  Bursian ,  pp.  407-16. 

(9)  Johann  Joachim  Winckelmann,  1717-68. 

B.  at  Stendal,  assassinated  at  Triest,  June  8. 
Taught  school  (1743-48),  assistant  librarian  at  Dres¬ 
den  (1748-54),  went  to  Rome  in  1755.  Founder  of 
the  science  of  Archaeology. 

Die  Geschichte  der  Kunst  des  Alterthums ,  1764; 
Monumenti  antichi  inediti,  2  vols.,  1767. 

Cf.  K.  Justi,  W.,  sein  Leben,  seine  Werke  und  seine  Zeitge- 
nossen,  3  vols.,  Lpz.  1872  (pp.  xii+525.  398,  pp.  vi+440);  Bur - 
siaii ,  pp.  426-36. 

(10)  Joseph  Hilarius  Eckhel,  1737-98. 

B.  in  Austria,  professor  at  Vienna,  director  of  the 
Numismatic  Collections.  Founder  of  the  science  of 
Numismatics. 

Doctrina  nummorum  veterum ,  8  vols.,  1798.  18414. 

Cf.  Bursian,  pp.  496-99. 

(n)  Christian  Gottlob  Heyne,  1729-1812. 

B.  at  Chemnitz,  succeeded  Gesner,  on  the  recom¬ 
mendation  of  D.  Ruhnken,  as  professor  at  Goettingen, 
1763—1812. 

Editions  of  :  Tibullus,  1755;  Epictetus,  1756  ; 
Virgil,  \  vols.,  1775;  Pindar,  3  vols.,  17992  ;  [Ps.] 
Apollodori  Bibliotheca ,  2  vols.,  1782,  18022;  Iliad,  8 
vols.,  1802  ;  Opusc.  Academica ,  6  vols.,  1785-1812. 

Cf.  A.  H.  L.  Heeren ,  Chr.  G.  Heyne,  Goettingen,  1813  (XXII, 
pp.  522) ;  Bursian ,  pp.  476-500,  Allgem.  Deutsche  Biogr.,  XII, 

PP-  375  ff- 


68 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


(B)  The  New  School. 

Friedrich  August  Wolf,  1739  (200  years  after  Ca- 
saubonus)  -1824. 

B.  near  Nordhausen,  studied  at  Goettingen  under 
Heyne,  matriculating,  April  8,  1777,  as  “  studiosus 
philologiae .”  Taught  school  at  Ilfeld  and  Osterode, 
professor  at  Halle  1783— 1806,  at  Berlin  1810.  Of  his 
pupils  A.  Boeckh,  I.  Bekker,  Ph.  Buttmann,  G.  Bern- 
hardy,  and  Heindorf  were  the  most  distinguished. 

a.  Prolegomena  to  Homer,  1795,  ‘Epoch-making.’ 

Cf.  R.  Volkmann,  Geschichte  u.  Kritik  der  W.’s  Prolegg.,  Lpz. 
1874. 

b.  Demosthenis  Leptinea  (valuable  introduction),  1790. 

c.  Plato’s  Symposium ;  Hesiod’s  Theogony ;  Cicero, 

Tusc.  Disp.,  Orations  (Post,  red.,  in  senatu  ad 
Quirites,  de  domo  sua,  de  haruspicum  responsis, 
pro  Marcello  —  regarded  as  spurious  by  W.) 
Aristoph.  Clouds  ;  Casaubonus’  Suetonius. 

d.  Encyclopaedic  der  Philologie  ed.  Stockmann,  Lpz. 

1831. 

e.  Kleine  Schriften,  2  vols.,  1869,  pp.  1200. 

Cf.  IV.  Korte ,  Leben  u.  Studien  F.  A.  W.’s  des  Philologen,  2 
vols.,  Essen,  1833  (pp.  363.  314);  Bursian ,  pp.  517-48;  M.  Patti- 
son,  Essays  I,  337-415. 

1.  Grammatico-critical  School. 

On  Criticism  and  Hermeneutics : 

Huet,  De  optimo  genere  interpretandi,  etc.,  1691  ;  F.  Schleier- 
macher ,  Works,  III  3,  pp.  344  ff. ;  Hermeneutik  u.  Kritik,  Works, 
1  pt.  VII,  1838  (pp.  xviii  +  390)  ;  G.  Hermann ,  de  officio  interprets, 
Opusc.  V,  405  ff.  VII,  97  ff. ;  A.  Boeckh ,  Opusc.  I,  100  ff.  V,  248  ff. 
VII,  262  ff.,  Encyclopaedic,  etc.,  der  phil.  Wissensch.,  pp.  79-263  ; 
H.  Sauppe,  Epistola  Critica ;  C.  G.  Cobet ,  Oratio  de  arte  interpre¬ 
tandi,  Leyden,  1847  (pp.  163)  ;  G.  Bernhardy ,  Grundlinien  zur 
Encycl.  der  Philol.,  pp.  53  ff. ;  J.  N.  Madvig,  Advers.  Critica,  I 
(1871),  8-184;  B.  Tournier ,  Exercices  critiques,  Paris,  1875 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


6  9 


(pp.  175);  h .  Steinthal ,  Arten  u.  Formen  der  Interpretation 
(Philol.  Versamml.  Wiesbaden,  1877,  pp.  25-35);  C.  von  Prantl, 
Verstehen  n.  Beurtheilen,  Munich  Acad.  1877,  pp.  37  ;  F.  Biicheler, 
Philolog.  Kritik,  Bonn,  1878  ;  Fr.  Blass ,  Hermeneutik  u.  Kritik 
(Iwan  Muller’s  Handbuch)  I2,  147-295;  Wm.  M.  Lindsay ,  An 
Introduction  to  Latin  Textual  Emendation,  London,  1896,  pp.  126. 

(1)  Gottfried  Hermann,  1772-1848. 

B.  in  Leipzig,  studied  in  his  native  city,  where  in 
1794  he  became  “  privat  docent,”  professor  1797- 
1848.  Lobeck,  Reisig,  Thiersch,  Meineke,  M.  Haupt, 
his  most  noted  pupils. 

a.  Editions  of  :  Aeschylus ,  Soph.,  Eurip.  (Hecuba, 
Here,  fur.,  Suppl.,  Bacchae ,  Alcestis,  Ion ,  Iph.  Aul. 
and  Taur.,  Hel.,  Androm.,  Cycl.,  Phoen.,  Orest.), 
Arist.  Clouds,  Plautus ’  Trinummus,  Aristotle's 
Poetics ,  Homeric  Hymns ,  Lexicon  of  Photios,  Bion 
and  Moschus. 

b.  Elementa  doctrinae  metricae,  1816. 

c.  Homeric  treatises,  1832,  1840.  Opusc.,  8  vols., 
1827—39  vol.  VIII,  1876. 

Cf.  O.Jahn,  Biogr.  Aufsatze,  Lpz.  1849,  PP-  91-132;  Bnrsian, 
pp.  575  ff.,  pp.  666-86;  II.  Kochly,  G.  H.  1874,  pp.  330. 

(2)  Christian  August  Lobeck ,  1781-1860. 

B.  at  Naumburg,  1802  privat  docent  at  the  Univer¬ 
sity  of  Wittenberg,  1809  director  of  the  Lyceum,  1810 
professor,  1814-1860  at  Konigsberg. 

a.  Sophocles ,  Aiax,  1809. 

b.  Aglaophamus,  2  vols.,  1829. 

c.  Paralipomena  grammaticae  Graecae,  2  vols.,  1837. 

d.  Pathologiae  sermonis  Graeci  prolegomena,  1843. 

Cf.  Bnrsian,  pp.  572  ff.,  71 1-7 13;  A.  Ludwich,  Ausgewahlte 
Briefe  von  und  an  C.  A.  Lobeck  und  K.  Lehrs,  Lpz.  1894,  pp. 
1050. 


70 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


(3)  August  Immanuel  Bekker,  1785-1871. 

B.  in  Berlin,  studied  in  Halle,  professor  at  Berlin 
from  1810  till  his  death.  Collated  over  400  MSS. 
in  Paris  (1810-12.  1819),  in  Italy  (1817-19.  1839), 
in  England  (1820). 

a.  Text  Editions  of :  Plato,  Attic  Orators,  Aristotle, 
Sextus  Empiricus,  Thucydides,  Theognis,  Aris¬ 
tophanes,  Photios,  Suidas,  Scholia  to  the  Iliad, 
Cassius  Dio,  Harpocration,  Corpus  scriptt.  Byzan- 
tinorum,  24  vols.,  Homer  (with  digamma  in  the 
text),  etc.,  etc. 

Cf.  Bursian,  pp.  658-63  ;  Poke /,  s.  v.;  A.  Ludwich ,  1.  c.  pp.  95  f. 

(4)  Karl  Lachmann,  1793-1851. 

B.  in  Braunschweig,  studied  at  Leipzig  and  Goettin¬ 
gen  (under  Heyne  and  Dissen),  professor  at  Konigs- 
berg  (1818-24),  at  Berlin  (1825-51).  One  of  the 
greatest  critics  of  all  times. 

a.  Propertius  (1816),  Catullus ,  Prop.,  Tibull.  (1829), 
Terentianus  Maurus. 

b.  Betrachtungen  uber  Homer’s  Ilias  (mit  Zusat- 
zen  von  M.  Haupt),  1837,  1841.  ‘Epoch-making.’ 

c.  Lucretius,  with  critical  commentary.  ‘Immortal 
masterpiece.’ 

d.  Lucilius  (ed.  Vahlen),  Gains ,  Babrius. 

e.  New  Testament  ( M ’t ho  do  logy  of  scietitific  textual 
criticism). 

Cf.  M.  Hertz,  K.  L.,  Berlin,  1851  (pp.  x  +  255,  xliii)  ;  Bursian, 
pp.  789-800  ;  Briefe  an  M.  Haupt,  ed.  I.  Vahlen,  1893;  K.  Wein- 
hold,  Mittheilungen  liber  K.  L.,  Berlin  Acad.  1894. 

( 5 )  A ugust  Meineke,  1790-1870. 

B.  in  Westphalia,  studied  at  Leipzig,  director  of  the 
Joachimsthal  Gymnasium  at  Berlin  1826-57,  when  he 
retired. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


7  i 


a.  Editor  of :  Strabo ,  Athenaeus,  Callimachus,  Aris¬ 
tophanes,  Fragmenta  Comicorum  Graecorum.  (with 
History  of  Greek  Comedy),  5  vols.,  1841,  Theo¬ 
critus,  Stobaeus,  Stephanus  Byzantius,  Horace 
(application  of  the  four-line  strophe). 

b.  Analecta  Alexandrina ,  1843. 

Cf.  F.  Ranke ,  A.  M.,  Ein  Lebensbild,  Lpz.  1871  ;  M.  Hazipt. 
Opusc.  Ill,  228  ff. ;  Bursian ,  pp.  764-9. 

(6)  Karl  Wilhelm  Dindorf,  1802-83. 

B.  in  Leipzig,  studied  under  Hermann,  professor 
1828-33. 

a.  Editor  of :  Aristophanes,  Poetae  scenici  Graeci, 
Demosthenes,  9  vols.,  1846-51,  Stephanus  Byzan¬ 
tius,  Aristides,  Themistius,  Lucian,  Herodotus, 
Josephus,  Clemens  Alexandrians,  4  vols.,  Eusebius, 
4  vols. 

b.  Scholia  to  Odyssey,  1856  ;  scholia  to  Iliad,  4  vols., 
1877. 

c.  Lexicon  Aeschyleum,  Lex.  Sophocleum.  New  edi¬ 
tion  of  Stephanus ’  Greek  Thesaurus,  Metra  Aesch., 
Soph.,  Eur.,  Aristoph. 

Cf.  Biogr.  Jahrb.  VI  (1883),  pp.  112  ff. ;  Bursian ,  pp.  861-70. 

(7)  Karl  Lehrs,  1802-78. 

B.  in  Konigsberg,  pupil  of  Lobeck,  privat  docent 

4 

1831,  professor  1835-1878. 

a.  De  Aristarchi  studiis  Homericis,  1833  (18823, 
PP-  5°5)- 

b.  Horace,  1869.  Transl.  of  Plato's  Phaedrus  and 
*  Symposium. 


7  2 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


c.  Die  Pindarscholien ,  Lpz.  1873. 

Cf.  E.  Kammer ,  Biogr.  Jahrb.  (1879),  PP*  15-28  ;  Bursian ,  pp. 
718-24  ;  A.  Ludwich,  1.  c.  pp.  75  ff. 

(8)  Friedrich  Ritschl,  1806-76. 

B.  in  Thuringia,  pupil  of  Reisig  at  Halle,  privat 
docent  at  Halle  1829,  professor  1832,  at  Breslau  1833, 
at  Bonn  1839,  Leipzig  1865.  His  motto  :  “Niltam 
difficilest  quin  quaerendo  investigari  possiet.” 

a.  Plautus  ( Trinummus ,  with  famous  Prolegg.)  Par- 

erga,  to  Plautus  and  Terence  ( Fabulae  Varronia- 
nae,  etc.),  Opusc.  II,  782,  III,  1-300.  “  Sospitator 

Plauti.” 

b.  On  the  literary  activity  of  Varro.  Opusc.  Ill,  pp. 
419-592. 

c.  Aeschylus,  Septem,  1853. 

d.  Priscae  latinitatis  monumenta  epigraphica.  1862. 
Opusc.  vol.  V. 

e.  On  Alexandrian  library,  Stichometry,  etc.  Opusc. 
vol.  I. 

Cf.  Z.  Miiller,  F.  R.,  Berlin,  1877  5  O.  Ribbeck,  F.  W.  R.,  Ein 
Beitrag  z.  Gesch.  der  Philologie,  2  vols.,  Lpz.  1881  (pp.  vii+348, 
viiiT59i) ;  Bursian ,  pp.  812-40. 

(9)  Johann  Nicolaus  Madvig,  1804-1886. 

B.  in  Denmark,  professor  at  the  university  of  Co¬ 
penhagen  1829-86  ;  twice  minister  of  Education  and 
repeatedly  Speaker  of  the  Danish  Parliament.  One 
of  the  most  noted  text  critics  of  modern  times. 

a.  De  Asconii  Pediani  comment.  1828-29. 

b.  Cicero  de  finibus,  1839,  18763. 

c.  Emendationes  Livianae ,  i860,  18772. 

d.  Livy ,  ed.  Madvig  and  Ussing,  1866,  18793,  4  vols. 

e.  Latin  Grammar ,  18431.  Greek  Syntax ,  1847. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


73 


f.  Opusc.  Acad.,  18872.  Adversaria  Critica,  3  vols.,  1884. 

g.  Verfassung  u.  Verwalt.  des  rom.  Staates,  2  vols., 
1882. 

Complete  list  of  his  works  in  Wochenschr.  f.  class.  Philol.  IV 
(1887),  p.  285.  Cf.  Heiberg ,  Biogr.  Jahrb.  IX  (1886),  202-21. 
A  utobiography  (1887). 

(10)  Theodor  Bergk,  1812—81. 

B.  at  Leipzig,  professor  at  Marburg  1842,  at  Frei¬ 
burg  1852,  at  Halle  1857,  honorary  professor  at  Bonn 
1869. 

a.  Poetae  Lyrici  Graeci,  18784.  The  standard 
edition. 

b.  Geschichte  der  griech.  Literatur ,  4  vols.  a  torso  and, 
with  the  exception  of  vol.  I.,  a  posthumous  publi¬ 
cation. 

Cf.  A.  Schaefer ,  Biograph.  Jahrb.  IV,  pp.  105  ff. 

(n)  August  Nauck,  1822-92. 

B.  in  Auerstadt,  Germany,  studied  at  Halle,  called 
to  St.  Petersburg  in  1856  as  member  of  the  Imperial 
Academy. 

a.  Aristophanis  Byzantii  fragmenta,  1848. 

b.  Euripides ,  1854,  187 13;  Sophocles,  1867. 

c.  Tragicorum  Graecorum  Fragmenta,  1856. 
18892,  with  index  tragicae  dictionis ,  1892.  —  His 
masterpiece  and  the  standard  work  on  the  subject. 

d.  Homer  (Odyssey,  1874,  Iliad,  1877). 

e.  Porphyrins ,  18862,  Lexicon  Vindobonense,  1867, 
Iamblichi  de  vita  Pythagorica,  1884. 

Cf.  Th.  Zielinski ,  A.  N.,  Berlin,  1893,  pp.  67  (  =  Biogr.  Jahrb. 
XVI).  Full  list  of  his  writings,  125  in  number,  pp.  59-65. 

2 .  Historico-antiquarian  School. 

Bibliography : 

Hiibner ,  Encyclopaedic  :  Greek  and  Roman  Literature,  Gram¬ 
mar,  Poetics  (pp.  140-75),  Religion  (pp.  175-84),  Greek  and 


74 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


Roman  Antiquities  and  History  (pp.  184-215,  359-88),  Geography 
(pp.  215-85),  Chronology  (pp.  286-90),  Archaeology  (pp.  290-342), 
Metrology  and  Numismatics  (pp.  342-51),  Epigraphy  (pp.  351-59). 
Cp.  also  Sal.  Reinach ,  Manuel  de  philologie  classique,  vol.  II, 
Appendice,  Paris,  1884  (pp.  310). 

(1)  Barthold  Georg  Niebuhr,  1776-1831. 

B.  at  Copenhagen,  studied  at  Kiel  and  Goettingen, 
professor  at  Berlin  in  1810. 

a.  Roman  History,  3  vols.,  181 11.  ‘Epoch-making.’ 

b.  Lectures  on  Roman  History,  3  vols.  (Engl.  1843, 
Germ.  1846),  Roman  Antiquities  (1858),  Lander 
und  Volkerkunde  (1851),  Ancient  History ,  3  vols. 

(i85‘)- 

c.  Edition  of  Fronto ,  1816,  Fragmm.  of  Cicero’s 
Speeches. 

d .  Kleine  Schriften,  2  vols.,  1828. 

Cf.  K.  G.  Jacob,  in  Niebuhr’s  Brief  an  einen  jungen  Philologen, 
Lpz.  1839;  S.  Winkworth ,  The  Life  and  Letters  of  B.  G.  N., 
3  vols.,  Lond.  1853;  Bursian ,  pp.  647-63;  F.  Eyssenhardt, 
B.  G.  N.,  Gotha,  1886  ;  /.  Classen,  B.  G.  N.,  Gotha,  1876,  pp.  181. 

(2)  August  Boeckh,  1785-1867. 

B.  in  Karlsruhe,  studied  in  Halle,  privat  docent  in 
Heidelberg  (1807),  professor  in  the  same  year,  called 
to  Berlin  in  1811,  where  he  remained  till  his  death. 
Among  his  most  noted  pupils  may  be  mentioned 
K.  O.  Muller,  E.  Curtius,  U.  Kohler,  A.  Kirchhoff. 

a.  De  Graecae  tragoediae  principibus,  1806. 

b.  Edition  of  Pindar,  4  vols.,  1811-22. 

c.  Corpus  inscriptionum  Graecarum,  4  vols. 

d.  Public  Economy  of  the  Athenians,  2  vols., 
18171,  18863. 

e.  JJiilotaos,  1819. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


75 


f.  Metrologische  Untersuchungen ,  1838;  Manetho  u.  die 
Hundsternperiode,  1845  ;  Zur  Gesch.  der  Mond- 
cyclen,  1856  ;  Opuscula ,  7  vols.,  1874. 

g.  Enclyclopaedie  u.  Methodologie  der  Philol.  ed. 
Klussmann,  18862  (pp.  884). 

Cf.  E.  von  Lentsch,  Philol.  Anz.  XVI  (18S6),  224  ff. ;  Bursian, 
pp.  687-705  ;  Briefwechsel  zwischen  A.  B.  und  K.  O.  Muller,  1883, 
pp.  442. 

(3)  Friedrich  Gottlieb  Welcker ,  1784-1868. 

B.  in  Griinberg,  Hesse,  studied  at  Giessen,  visited 
Italy,  tutor  in  the  house  of  W.  von  Humboldt  at 
Rome,  professor  in  Giessen  1808-15,  in  Goettingen 
1816,  in  Bonn  1819-59,  when  he  resigned. 

a.  Die  Aeschyleische  Trilogie  Prometheus,  1824. 
Mit  Nachtrag,  1826. 

b.  Theogn  is,  1826. 

c.  Der  Epische  Cyclus,  2  vols.,  1849  (18822). 

d.  Die  Griech.  Tragoedien,  3  vols.  (pp.  1614), 
1841.  Not  yet  superseded. 

e.  Alte  Denkmaler ,  5  vols.,  1849-64. 

f.  Griech.  Gotterlehre ,  3  vols.,  1863. 

g.  Kleine  Schriften,  6  vols.  (on  Sappho ,  Prodicus , 
etc.),  Zoega’s  Leben ,  etc.,  2  vols.,  1819. 

Cf.  Reinh.  Keknle,  F.  G.  W.’s  Leben,  Lpz.  1880  (pp.  591) ; 
Bursian ,  pp.  1029-46). 

(4)  Karl  Otfried  Milller,  1797-1840. 

B.  in  Silesia,  studied  at  Breslau  and  Berlin  (under 
Boeckh),  appointed  professor  at  Goettingen  in  1819, 
d.  at  Athens  of  a  fever  contracted  at  Delphi,  while 
copying  inscriptions. 

a.  Die  Dorier,  1824  ;  Die  Etrusker,  1828  (18782). 

b.  Archaeologie  der  Kunst,  1830  (1 87 84). 

c.  Aeschylus’  Eumeniden ,  1833. 


76 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY 


d.  Varro ,  de  lingua  Latina,  1833. 

e.  Festus,  1839. 

f.  History  of  the  Literature  of  Ancient 
Greece,  Lond.  1840,  3  vols.  (18763  in  3  vols., 
ed.  E.  Heitz). 

Cf.  Bursian ,  pp.  1007-9;  K.  Hillebrand ,  in  the  French  transl. 
of  ( d ),  vol.  I,  xvii-ccclxxx,  Paris,  1865  ;  Ranke ,  C.  O.  M.,  Ein 
Lebensbild,  Berlin,  1870;  M.  Hertz ,  Index  lectionum,  Breslau, 
1884,  PP-  13- 

(5)  Franz  Bopp,  1791-1867. 

B.  at  Mayence,  studied  in  Paris  and  London,  pro¬ 
fessor  of  Oriental  Languages  at  Berlin  from  1821  to 
64.  Founder  of  the  science  of  comparative  philology. 
Principal  work:  Comparative  Grammar  of  Sanskrit, 
Zend ,  Armenian ,  Greek ,  Latin ,  Lithuanian ,  (94/  Slavic , 
Gothic  and  German ,  187 13. 

Cf.  Z.  Delbrilck ,  Einl.  in  das  Sprachstudium,  Lpz.  1880;  Z^/"- 
F.  B.,  1892. 

(6)  Gottfried  Bernhardy ,  1800-75. 

B.  at  Landsberg,  studied  at  Berlin,  privat  docent 
1823,  professor  1825,  called  to  Halle  in  1829  as  the 
successor  of  Reisig. 

a.  Eratosthenica,  1822  ;  Dionys.  Perieg.,  1828  ;  Wis- 
sensch.  Syntax,  1829. 

b.  Suidas,  2  vols.,  1834-58.  ‘Monumental.’ 

c.  Griech.  Literaturgeschichte,  2  vols.,  1836-45 
(1880). 

d.  Rom.  Literaturgeschichte,  2  vols.,  1830  (18725). 
Cf.  R.  Volkmann ,  G.  B.,  Halle,  18S7  (pp.  160)  ;  Bursian ,  p.  776. 

(7)  Otto  Jahn,  1813-69. 

B.  in  Kiel,  privat  docent  1839,  professor  at  Greifs- 
wald  1842,  at  Leipzig  1847,  at  Bonn  1855,  d.  at 
Goettingen. 


OF  CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 


77 


a.  Edition  and  commentary  of  Persius,  1843  (a 
philological  masterpiece);  Juvenal,  1851  ;  Cic.  Bru¬ 
tus,  1849  ;  Orator,  1851  ;  Florus,  1852  ;  Livii  Perio- 
chae,  1853  ;  Soph.  Electra ,  18611  (1872 2)  ;  Plato's 
Symposium ,  1864  (18762)  ;  Pseudo  Longinus  Ilepi 
Vlj/OVS,  1867  (18872). 

h.  Pausaniae  descriptio  arcis  Athen.,  i860  (18802). 
c.  Numerous  treatises  on  archaeology  and  literature 
(e.g.,  On  the  subscriptions  in  Latin  MSS.  ‘  Ueber 
den  Aberglauben  des  bdse?i  B licks’). 

Cf.  Bursian,  pp.  1070-80;  J.  Vahlen ,  O.  J.  Wien,  1870,  pp.  24. 

(8)  Ernst  Our  tins,  1814-96. 

B.  at  Luebeck,  studied  at  Bonn,  Goettingen,  and 
Berlin,  at  Athens  from  1837  to  1840,  appointed  tutor  to 
the  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia  (Frederick  III),  profes¬ 
sor  at  Goettingen  as  successor  of  K.  F.  Hermann  in 
1856,  at  Berlin  1868-96. 

a.  History  of  Greece,  3  vols.,  18896. 

b.  Pelopo?inesos,  2  vols.,  1852. 

c.  Die  Stadtgeschichte  vo?i  Athen,  1891. 

d.  Sieben  Karten  zur  Topographie  von  Athens  nebst 
erlauterndem  Text,  1886. 

e.  Olympia,  ein  Vortrag,  Berlin,  1852.  —  Many  works 
on  the  history  and  excavations  at  Olympia. 

f.  Alterthum  u.  Gegenwart,  3  vols.4,  Gesammelte 
Abhandlunger,  2  vols.  Particularly  noteworthy. 
‘Zur  Geschichte  des  Wegebaus  bei  den  Griechen  ’ 
(1855),  Die  Ionier  (1855). 

(9)  Theodor  Mommsen,  1817 — . 

B.  in  Schleswig,  studied  jurisprudence  and  philol¬ 
ogy  at  Kiel,  1848  professor  of  Roman  Law  at  Leip¬ 
zig,  1852  at  Zurich,  1854  at  Breslau,  since  1858  pro- 


OUTLINES  OF  THE  HISTORY. 


fessor  of  ancient  history  at  Berlin.  One  of  the  greatest 
scholars  in  the  history  of  classical  learning. 

a.  Rom.  Miinzwesen ,  1850  ;  Roman  History,  Vols. 
I— I II8,  Vs  (transl.  by  Dickson)  ;  Romische  Chro¬ 
nologic,  1859;  Rom.  Forschungen ,  2  vols.,  Rom. 
Staatsrecht,  3  vols.  (pp.  708,  1 17 1,  1336),  18883. 

b.  Corpus  inscriptionum  Latinarum,  Vols.  I, 
III,  VIII,  IX. 

c.  Monumentum  Aiicyranum ,  18651. 

d.  Digesta,  So /inns,  Iordanes ,  Cassiodorus. 

e.  Zur  LebengescJi.  des  j Unger en  Plinius ,  Hermes  III, 
pp.  31-139,  etc.,  etc. 

For  a  full  list  of  his  works  up  to  1887,  cf.  C.  Zangemeister, 
Theodor  Mommsen  als  Schriftsteller,  Heidelberg,  1887  (//.  66). 


INDEX  OF  NAMES 


o 


Accius,  L. 

Aelius  Stilo,  L. 

Agricola,  Rud. 

Alexander  Aetolus 
Ammonius 

Anonymus  mythographus 
Antigonus  Carystius 
Apollodorus  . 

Apollonius  Dyscolos 
Aristarchus  . 

Aristophanes  Byzantius 
Aristoteles  .  .  7  f. 

Aristoxenus  . 

Arruntius  Celsus  . 
Asconius  Pedianus 
Asper,  Aemilius 
Ateius  Philologus  . 
Athenaeus 
Aurispa,  Giovanni 


PAGE 

•  33 

•  33  f- 

•  64  ; 

.  10 

•  17 

•  17 

•  9 
.  1 6  f . 

.  24 

13  ff- 

ii  ff. 

*5-  30 
.  8 

•  33 

•  36 

•  38  ■ 

•  35 
26 

•  5° 


Bekker,  Immanuel  .  .  70 

Bentley,  Richard  .  .  .  61  f. 

Bergk,  Theodor  ...  -73 

Bernhard v,  Gottfried  .  -76 

Bessarion  .  .  .  .48 

Boccaccio  .  .  .  -49 

Boeckh,  August  .  .  -74 

Bopp,  Franz  .  .  .  -76 

Bruni,  Leonardo  .  .  -49 

Burmann,  Peter  (the  Elder)  .  59 


Burmann,  Peter  (the  Younger)  59 


Caecilius  Calactinus 
Caesar,  Gaius  Iulius 
Caesellius  Vindex  . 


.  24 

3  2-  34 
•  32 


PAGE 

Callimachus  .  .  .  .10 

Camerarius,  Ioachim  .  .  65 

du  Cange,  Chs.  du  Fresne  .  55 
Canter,  Wilhelm  .  .  56 

Caper,  Flavius  .  .  .  38 

Casaubonus,  Isaac  .  .  54  f. 

Cassiodorus  .  .  .  -39 

Censorinus  .  .  .  .  38 

Chalcondylas,  Demetrius  .  48 
Charisius  .  .  .  *38 

Chrysippos  .  .  .  .22 

Chrysoloras,  Manuel  .  .  47  f. 

Cicero,  M.  Tullius  .  .  34 

Cobet,  Gabriel  .  .  .61 

Constantinus  Porphyrogennetos  42 
Crates  Mallotes  .  .  .22f. 

Cruquius,  lac.  .  .  -56 

Curtius,  Ernst  .  .  -77 


Demetrius  Magnes 
Dicaearchus  . 

Didymus 

Dindorf,  Wilhelm  . 
Diomedes 
Dionysius,  Aelius  . 
Dionysius  Halicarnassensis 
Dionysius  Thrax  . 
Donatus,  Aelius 


•  23 
.  8 
18  ff. 

•  7i 

•  38 

.  26 

•  23 
17.  30 

•  38 


Eckhel,  Ioseph  Hilarius  .  67 

Elmsley,  Peter  .  .  .62 

Erasmus,  Desiderius  .  .  55  f. 

Eratosthenes  .  .  .iof. 

Ernesti,  Iohann  August  .  66 

Eustathius  .  .  .  -44 


8o 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Fabricius,  Ioh.  Albert  . 

PAGE 

•  65 

da  Feltre,  Vittorino 

•  49 

Fenestella 

•  36 

Ficinus,  Marsilius  . 

•  50 

Filelfo,  Francisco  . 

•  So 

Gaisford,  Thomas 

•  63 

Gaza,  Theodorus  . 

.  48 

Gellius,  A  ulus 

•  38 

Gesner,  Ioh.  Mathias 

.  66 

Gorgias 

.  6 

Graevius 

•  59 

Gronovius,  Iacob  . 

.  58 

Gronovius,  Ioh.  Friedrich 

.  58 

Grote,  George 

•  63 

Grotius,  Hugo 

.  58 

Harpocration 

26 

Heinsius,  Daniel  . 

•  57 

Heinsius,  Nicolaus 

•  58 

Hemsterhusius,  Tiberius 

•  59 

Hephaestion 

26 

Heracleides  Ponticus 

.  8 

Hermann,  Gottfried 

.  69 

Flermippos 

.  16 

Ilerodianus  . 

•  25 

Hesychios  Alexandrinus 

.  41 

Hesychios  Illustris 

•  41 

Heyne,  Christian  Gotlob 

•  67 

Hieronymus  . 

•  39 

Hofman-Peerlkamp 

.  61 

Hyginus,  Iulius 

•  35 

Iahn,  Otto 

•  76 

Iowett,  Benjamin  : 

•  63 

Isidorus 

•  39 

Iuba  .... 

•  25 

Iunius,  Hadrianus 

.  56 

Kyriacus 

•  5° 

PAGE 


Lachmann,  Karl  .  .  70 

Lambinus,  Dionysius  .  .  54 

Lascaris,  Constantinus  .  .  48 

Leake,  William  Martin  .  .  62 

Lehrs,  Karl  .  .  .  71 

Lipsius,  Iustus  .  .  -56 

Lobeck,  Christian  August  .  69 

Longinus  .  .  .  .26 

Lycophron  .  .  .  .10 

Macrobius  .  .  .  -39 

Madvig,  Ioh.  Nicolaus  .  .  72 

Magister,  Thomas .  .  -45 

Markland,  Ieremiah  .  .  62 

Meineke,  August  .  .  .  70 

Melanchthon,  Philipp  .  .  64 

Mommsen,  Theodor  .  .  7 7 

Montfaucon,  Bernard  de  .  55 

Moschopulus,  Manuel  .  ■  45 

Muller,  Karl  Otfried  .  .  75 

Munro,  H.  A.  J.  .  .63 

Muretus,  Marcus  Antonius  .  54 


Nauck,  August  .  .  -73 

Niebuhr,  Barthold  Georg  .  74 


Nigidius  Figulus  .  .  31.  35 

Nonius  Marcellus  .  .  38 

Pamphilus  .  .  .  25 

Pausanias  Atticista  .  .  26 

Peisistratus  ....  6 
Petrarca,  Francesco  .  .  48 

Philetas  ....  9 

Philon,  Herennius  .  .  25 

Photios  .  .  .  -41 

Planudes,  Maximus  .  .  44 

Plato  .  .  .  .  7.  15 

Plethon,  Georgios  Gemisthios  48 
Plinius  Secundus  (the  Elder)  36 
Poggio  Bracciolini  .  .  49 


INDEX  OF  NAMES.  8 1 


PAGE 

Politianus,  Angelus  .  51 

Pollux,  Iulius  .  .  .26 

Porson,  Richard  .  .  .62 

Praxiphanes  ...  8 
Priscianus  .  .  .  -39 

Probus,  M.  Valerius  .  .  37 

Prodicus  ....  7 
Protagoras  .  .  .  7.  31 

Pseudo  Longinus  .  .  .24 

Quintilianus,  Fabius  .  .  37 

Reiske,  Ioh.  Iacob  .  .  66 

Remmius  Palaemon  .  .  37 

Reuchlin,  Iohannes  .  .  64 

Ritschl,  Friedrich  .  .  *72 

Roman  us,  Iulius  .  .  .38 

Ruhnken,  David  .  .  .60 

Salmasius,  Claudius  .  .  57 

Salutatus,  Colutius  .  .  49 

Scaliger,  Ioseph  .  .  .56!. 

Scaurus,  Q.  Terentius  .  .  38 

Servius  .  .  .  .  -38 

Spanheim,  Ezechiel  .  .  59 


Stephanus  (Etienne),  Henricus  54 
Stephanus,  Robertus  .  .  53 


PAGE 

Stoics  .  .  .  .  15.  30 

Suetonius  Tranquillus  .  .  37 

Suidas  .  .  .  .  .  42  f. 

Taylor,  Iohn  .  .  .62 

Theon  .  .  .  .  .21 

Theophrastus  ...  8 

Triklinios,  Demetrius  . .  .  45 

Tryphon  .  .  .  .20 

Turnebus,  Adrianus  .  .  54 

Tzetzes,  Iohannes  .  .  -43 

Valckenaer,  Ludwig  Caspar  .  60 

Valla,  Laurentius  .  .  -5° 

Varro,  M.  Terentius  .  31  f.  34 

Verrius  Flaccus,  M.  .  -36 

Victorinus,  Marius  .  .  38 

Victorius,  Petrus  .  .  51 

Vossius,  Ioh.  Gerhard  .  .  57 

Welcker,  Friedrich  Gottlieb  .  75 

Winckelmann,  Ioh.  Ioachim  .  67 

Wolf,  Friedrich  August  .  68 

Wyttenbach,  Daniel  .  .  60 

Zenodotus  ....  9 


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tions  in  order  to  secure  an  artificial  clearness  of  statement,  this  gram¬ 
mar  has  been  faithful  to  the  spirit  and  the  facts  of  the  language.  This 
is  its  fundamental  excellence.  The  grammar  explains  the  language 
instead  of  trying  to  make  the  language  bear  out  the  grammar. 

Second.  The  present  edition  is  as  strong  in  class-room  availability 
as  it  is  for  linguistic  truth.  George  L.  Kittredge,  Professor  of  English 
at  Harvard,  was  associate  reviser,  and  largely  on  account  of  his  com¬ 
bining  special  qualifications  in  Latin  and  in  English,  the  style  of  the 
grammar  was  radically  improved.  It  is  believed  to  be  now  much  clearer, 
more  crisp  and  definite,  more  interesting  and  learnable,  than  any  other 
grammar. 

Third.  Even  in  all  the  little  points,  the  closest  care  was  taken  in  the 
revision,  and  scarcely  a  book  can  be  found  in  which  the  excellence  is 
so  uniform  and  in  which  the  finish  reaches  so  faithfully  to  the  minutest 
details. 

Fourth.  In  a  word,  the  consensus  of  competent  opinion  seems  to 
fully  justify  the  belief  that  Allen  and  Greenough’s  Latin  Grammar  is 
clearly  the  best:  best  for  scholarship,  convenience,  completeness,  and 
beauty;  best  for  reference  ;  and  best  for  regular  study. 


Tracy  Peck,  Professor  of  Latin  in 
Yale  University :  The  essential  facts  of 
the  language  are  stated  with  great  clear¬ 
ness,  and  there  is  a  rich  suggestiveness  as 
to  the  rationale  of  constructions. 


William  A.  Packard,  Professor  of 

Latm  in  Princeton  University  :  I  find  it 
essentially  improved  by  the  revision  and 
the  additions  it  has  received,  and  regard  it 
as  an  unsurpassed  compendious  grammar 
for  use  in  our  schools  and  colleges. 


GINN  &  COMPANY,  Publishers, 

Boston.  New  York.  Chicago.  Atlanta.  Dallas 


X 


Date  Due 


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RONTON  COLLEGE 


Gudeaan, Allred, _ _ 

Author 

Outlines  of  the  history  of 

Title 

classical  philology. 


Boston  Ginn  190 


f  A  s' i 
6-9 


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